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A belief of dreamwork is that each person has their own dream "language". Any given place, person, object, or symbol can differ in its meaning from dreamer to dreamer and also from time to time in the dreamer's ongoing life situation. Thus someone helping a dreamer get closer to their dream through dreamwork adopts an attitude of "not knowing" as far as possible.

Dreamwork or dream-work can also refer to Sigmund Freud's idea that a person's forbidden and repressed desires are distorted in dreams, so they appear in disguised forms. Freud used the term 'dreamwork' or 'dream-work' (Traumarbeit) to refer to "operations that transform the latent dream-thought into the manifest dream".[1]

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Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis is largely based on the importance of the unconscious mind. According to the theory, the unconscious does not only affect a person during the day, but also in dreams. In the psychodynamic perspective, the transferring of unconscious thoughts into consciousness is called dreamwork (German: Traumarbeit). In dreams, there are two different types of content, the manifest and latent content. The latent content is the underlying, unconscious feelings and thoughts. The manifest content is made up of a combination of the latent thoughts and it is what is actually being seen in the dream. According to Carl Jung's principle of compensation, the reason that there is latent content in dreams is that the unconscious is making up for the limitations of the conscious mind.[2] Since the conscious mind cannot be aware of all things at once, the latent content allows for these hidden away thoughts to be unlocked. Psychoanalysts use the knowledge of the process of dreamwork to analyze dreams. In other words, the clinician will study the manifest content to understand what the latent content is trying to say.[3]

According to psychoanalytic view to be able to understand dreamwork fully, a person needs to understand how the mind transfers the latent thoughts to manifest. The first step is called condensation, and it is the combining of different unconscious thought into one.[3] The combining of the unconscious thoughts makes it easier for the mind to express them in the dream. The step of condensation has two sub-steps, day residues and censorship. (On the other hand, according to Ullman and Erich Fromm dreams have no censorship at all). Day residues are left over daily issues that bring up some unconscious thought. The mind then displays this thought through a similar situation from the day.[4] Before the unconscious thoughts can be displayed they are censored. Since many unconscious thoughts do not follow the moral code of society, the mind changes them to be more respectful. This is done so that it does not cause the dreamer anxiety and therefore wake them up. It is also due to censorship that multiple unconscious thoughts are combined, since it is hard to just have one slip through.[5]

After condensation, another step in the formation of dreams is displacement. This is where the dream may direct feelings or desires onto an unrelated subject. This is similar to the practice of transference, which is a common technique used in psychoanalysis. Another step in the formation of dreams is symbolism. Objects or situations in a dream may represent something else, commonly an unconscious thought or desire. The fourth and final step in formation is secondary revision. In this step, all the thoughts are put together and are made coherent. Another point of this step is to make the dream relate to the dreamer. These four steps put together make up dreamwork.[3][6]

People who study the formation of dreams and then analyze them are called dreamworkers. As mentioned before, dreamworkers must work backwards from the conscious to the unconscious. Since they are not the ones who had the dream, they use a variety of methods with their clients, such as free association, to gain more insight into the context of the dream. Free association is where the client describes the dream and relates as many aspects of it to their life as possible. The dreamworker listens intently and once they have gained as much information as possible about the dream both through the dreamer's description of the dream and through the dreamer's emotional status, they may be able to understand the dream better and to gain information about the dreamer that they may not be aware of or be willing to share.[3]

Dreamwork is a broad term used to describe the exploration and incorporation of dreams in psychotherapy. Modern dreamwork models hold true to the tenet that any meaning one can pull from a dream should be personal to the dreamer. Mental health professionals who integrate dreamwork into their practice often use it to help people problem solve, gain self-awareness, or improve overall well-being.

Dreamwork is a key component of several different therapeutic models and can be used as a self-help technique or as part of a broader therapy program. The term dreamwork can refer to the dreamwork field as a whole or to the technical process of using dreams in therapy. Though many psychotherapy frameworks use dreams in one form or another, not all models use them in the same way.

The most important distinction between dreamwork and dream interpretation is that in dreamwork, the therapist does not analyze the person's dreams or provide a clear interpretation. In dream analysis or dream interpretation, the therapist is the expert on the the symbolism and meaning of the dream. In dreamwork, the therapist acts as a guide in the exploration of the dream, allowing the dreamers to discover meaning for themselves.

Find a Therapist Advanced SearchOne of the core principles in dreamwork is that each person explores dreams using unique dream language. Dreamwork therapists believe dreams are formulations and continuations of waking thoughts, concerns, emotions, and memories and are therefore unique to each individual. Thus, only that individual can verify the purpose, message, or meaning of the dream.

During a dreamwork session, while the dreamer is sharing a dream, the therapist may ask probing questions in order to gather as much information as possible. Only after all material has been explored does the therapist share any reactions to the content, symbols, or imagery discussed.

Freud's student and friend, psychoanalyst Carl Jung, took dreamwork in a different direction with his use of archetypes and artistic expression. He believed psychotherapists should use dreams in ways that are most beneficial to the participants in therapy. Even today, this form of dream interpretation remains a key component of Jungian therapy.

Throughout the remainder of the 20th century, other theoretical models utilized dreamwork in their practice. Therapeutic frameworks such as Gestalt therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and existential therapy all developed some form of dreamwork or dream analysis for use within their respective models. In the 1990s, therapist Clara E. Hill developed the cognitive experiential dream model, which was based on many of the tenets of earlier dream theories. Dreamwork is widely used today in many countries around the world. More information is available on the International Association of the Study of Dreams website.

One emerging theory suggests that dreams help people process emotions by turning the emotions into memories. According to this theory, emotions experienced in dreams are real, and dreams attempt to take the emotion out of the dream and turn it into memory. Thus, dreamwork could be considered a way to tap into and process emotions, though more research is needed to fully understand both the phenomenon of dreams and how the use of dreamwork can be beneficial to the therapy process.

As evidenced by the number of therapeutic models that use dreams as part of therapy, dreamwork draws from several theoretical frameworks. Although earlier models like Freudian psychoanalysis and Jungian therapy are more focused on dream analysis, they heavily influenced the use of dreamwork in psychotherapy. The theories listed below serve as the foundation for modern dreamwork as it is used today:

Image Rehearsal Therapy: Image Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) is a common type of cognitive behavioral dreamwork that is used most often with people experiencing recurring dreams or nightmares. In IRT, the therapist assigns homework to the person in therapy. The homework often instructs the person to rewrite their recurring nightmare every day for at least 20 minutes a day. The dream is rewritten over and over with new, more pleasing endings. The goal is to use cognition to influence the dream creation process, thus effectively changing the content of the dream via conscious means.

Cognitive experiential dreamwork: This type of dreamwork has three basic phases: exploration, insight, and action. During the exploration phase, the dream is told in present tense; images and symbols are identified; and details, emotions, and associations are revealed for each image or symbol. During the insight phase, connections are drawn to the imagery. These connections may include real-life experiences, areas of concern, and personality dynamics. During the last phase, the action phase, the therapist helps the person in therapy decide what to do with the information gleaned from the dream. They might decide to creatively adapt or rework the dream, make changes in waking life, or delve deeper into the dreamwork.

Many counseling and psychology graduate programs provide a basic overview of the various dreamwork models. Graduate studies devoted solely to dreamwork, however, are limited. Nonetheless, some graduate programs offer certification or specialization in dream studies as part of a larger program. In addition, The Institute for Dream Studies in South Carolina offers a two-year certification program on using dreamwork in clinical settings.

According to an article co-written by cognitive experiential dreamwork developer, Clara E. Hill, and her colleague, Sarah Knox, there is a fair amount of research that supports the efficacy of dreamwork. For example, a study conducted by Krakow et al. (2000) found that Image Rehearsal Therapy reduced the instances of nightmares in people who were victims of sexual assault. Additionally, a case study review conducted by Eudell-Simmons and Hilsenroth (2005) found that dreams were impacted by psychotherapy experiences. Lastly, Dimaggio et al. (1997) found that pleasant emotions in dreams increased as therapy participants improved. e24fc04721