There is a lot of confusion about whether or not modern vehicles have a smart alternator. The easiest way to check is to look closely at the earth terminal of the battery. If the earth has a direct contact to the body without any sensors then it is not a smart alternator. If there is a module connected straight onto the terminal then it mostly is a smart alternator system.

Before starting a couple of things to note,The 2017 Dmax is equipped with a smart alternator,wiring of Red arc and Cteck 250s (Silver and Black models)devices need to be explored on their various websites for wiring diagrams.I use a silver Ceteck 250S dual for charging my Caravan batteries,up graded wiring is necessary using simple 30 amp automotive relay ,easily installed if your Dmax has a smart Alternator .Google up Cteck 250 250S dual and smart alternator its all there to see.Unfortunately I dont know about the Redarc unit so cant comment ,I'm sure there is something about it on line.


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We developed the AMI system with several companies, including Korea Electric Power Company, and installed the system in an apartment complex. It consists of a central server, data collection units (DCUs) and smart meters [6,7]. The system architecture is shown in Figure 1, where MDMS stands for a metering data management server. Smart meters are installed on the corridor walls; DCUs are on the electric polls; and the MDMS is in the utility company. In the system, a WSN with a tree topology has been used between DCUs and smart meters. A smart meter in a smart grid acts as a sensor node, and a DCU acts as a sink node, which is the root of a sensor network. A DCU periodically sends a query to its descendant meters in order to collect the amount of power consumption and status data and transmits these data (e.g., power consumption, power quality, event, monthly data, etc.) to the MDMS through a secure private network. The MDMS collects all metering values from DCUs, as well as missing data at midnight. In the system, the company allows each smart meter to have a time difference of about two minutes per month. To collect all data accurately, conventional DCUs developed by electric utilities use the round-robin method, because it is very reliable, can be applied to various network topologies without changes and can collect all data without collisions under an environment in which clock synchronization among smart meters is not guaranteed. However, the method has the critical drawback that it is very slow. Therefore, a utility company has to install many DCUs due to this drawback. This constraint increases the cost to purchase and to install the devices.

To overcome this drawback and reduce costs, we propose an efficient data collection method to collect all data from every smart meter without conflict quickly. The proposed method divides a tree that a sensor network constructs into several branches. Each branch consists of all nodes included in a path from a sink node to a leaf node. We generate a conflict-free query schedule based on the length of each branch to collect all raw data within a given period, one from each of the nodes in a sensor network. The schedule is produced by a sink node that has more resources than other nodes. A sink node sends a query to a scheduled leaf node in a branch, and the scheduled node reports its sensing value to its parent node. Then, each internal node between the sink node and the scheduled node transmits its sensing value, as well as the values received from its child node to the sink node. However, each internal node sends its value generated at the node only once. Therefore, sensing values generated at a node and its descendants in a branch are sent simultaneously to its parent to shorten the data collection time. This method can be used by many utility companies (e.g., power, gas, water, etc.). In summary, the contributions of this paper are the following:

Furthermore, a sensor node needs additional memory to execute the proposed method. The additional memory is needed to store sensing values that a sensor node generates by itself, as well as those it receives from its children. The additional memory size of a sensor node is estimated as follows. Let Ms be the memory size for one sensing value that a sensor node generates and dmin and dmax be the minimum length of a branch and the maximum length of a branch, respectively. Then, the minimum memory size and the maximum memory size required to execute our method are (Ms  dmin) and (Ms  dmax), respectively. Therefore, our method first collects sensing values from the shortest branch to reduce the additional memory size and collects the values in the increasing order of length of each branch.

In a sensor network using the CSkip address scheme, the maximum number of nodes that a sink can have is theoretically 65,535 [18,19]. However, many real applications use fewer than 100 nodes due to collisions. A major electric utility of our country makes 50 to 100 smart meters connect to one DCU. Furthermore, the company allows each smart meter to have a time difference of about two minutes per month. We considered the practical environment and set the number of nodes in the simulation to 121. The count was increased to 169 for a stability test. At the beginning of the simulation, we constructed a routing tree. The node at the center of the grid region was selected as the sink node [20]. The sink node begins the construction of the routing tree by broadcasting a setup message. The maximum number of children of each node in the routing tree is four; the maximum number of route nodes among the children of a node is four; and the height of the routing tree is 11. A random delay time generated by a small jitter was given to each node to generate asynchronous transmission time. It was used to avoid collisions during the tree construction and during the execution of the data collection method. The jitter generates the random delay time in the range of zero to max_delay. In this simulation, the max_delay was set to 5 ms. A node sends a message after the random delay time expires. The simulation environment is summarized in Table 1, and the property of the branches generated from the sensor network with 121 sensor nodes is summarized in Table 2.

Kwangsoo Kim detected the problem that occurred in a smart grid, designed the experiments, collected the data and prepared the manuscript. Seong-il Jin revised the manuscript and gave final approval of the version to be submitted. 9af72c28ce

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