The header of this webpage contains the title of this exhibit which is "Harry H. Laughlin: The Man who Helped Develop a Movement that Inspired Hitler" by Eva M Roeder. The accompanying photo is an antique headshot of Laughlin against a black background. Laughlin is a white, bald middle-aged man with a stiff, nearly pompous expression. His lips are closed and not smiling nor frowning; his brow is unfurrowed as well. He is staring straight into the camera with his head at a slight tilt to his right. He has dark suit jacket with a white collar.
More than anything, Harry Laughlin was a eugenical policy pusher. Before rubbing elbows with legislators, which eventually landed him the position of Expert Eugenics Agent, Laughlin was a high school principal in Iowa and agriculture teacher. He obtained a master’s degree in biology and did doctorate work on mitotic division, but put little effort into his research according to his peers (Gur-Arie, 2014). Still, his fascination with sex determination and selective breeding in the realm of agriculture spurred much darker thoughts:
What if, like thoroughbred horses, humans could be hand selected to represent the best qualities of the species?
If a country practiced selective breeding, would that country inevitably become a superpower based on its superior citizenry?
How could such policies get implemented in a country designed on the basis of “Liberty for All”?
Steps in Mental Development based on the Binet-Simon test for intelligence with various age ranged based intelligence levels and work capabilities.
Idiot is the lowest level at ages 3 to 4.
Low Grade Imbecile is aged 4 to 5.
Medium Imbecile is aged 6 to 8.
High Grade Imbecile is aged 8 to 10.
Moron is aged 10 to 12.
This exhibit challenges you to heighten your awareness of the use of these words in your daily life, whether by those around you or by yourself. In these moments, please reflect on their origins and consider a kinder and less violent form of expression moving forward. It isn’t easy to change these behaviors, but just as they were learned, they can be unlearned, especially in light of their roots.
Do you ever find yourself saying “You idiot!” or “You are such a moron.” to your friends and family, whether just as a joke or as a cruel admonishment? Have you ever considered where this language came from? Before the 20th century, these terms were little known in the United States. French psychologists Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon developed a test in 1905 to determine intelligence. The scores were based on test results from children of particular age groups. This intelligence level was therefore equivalent to mental age.
Fellow American eugenicist Dr. Henry H. Goddard translated the Binet-Simon concept of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) to classify intelligence for American consumption in 1906, but felt something was lacking. He wanted a term for mental deficiency that was less severe than “idiot” or “imbecile”. He opted for the term “moron”, derived from the Greek word for foolish (Eugenics Archive, 2015). These high-functioning mentally deficient people were the most threatening in Goddard’s estimation.
Eventually, Laughlin used this classification system in an immigration hearing in 1920 to insist that beyond immigrants being hard workers, a eugenical element ought to be adopted in immigration policy as well. That is, being a hard-working naturalized American was not enough—the United States could only afford to have the right sort of people reproducing within its borders (Yang, 2020).
Please note the year above: 1920. Nearly twenty years before the start of World War II and the Holocaust. We often think of racial cleansing first occurring during WWII, but policies in the United States developed by Laughlin gave rise to Nazi Sterilization Laws of 1933 (Gur-Arie, 2014). As the superintendent of the Eugenics Research Office, Laughlin wrote a 500-page book called Eugenical Sterilization in the United States in 1922. This book completely informs policy from how family trees could be used to determine eugenical strategies to how to sterilize males and females properly.
Cultural Consequences of Eugenical Policy in the United States
All Types of Social Inadequacy:
From Truman State's files of Harry Laughlin's personal collection of papers. Depicts the relative number of "inadequacies" among 32 different ethnic makeups. Inadequacies include feeblemindedness, insanity, crime, epilepsy, tuberculosis, blindness, deafness, deformity, and dependency.
Even before Laughlin, the United States was concerned with people entering the country becoming a tax on the government. The phrase "unable to take care of himself or herself" got replaced by "likely to become a public charge" (Nielsen, 2012, p. 103). The language is became much more vague and broadened the scope of who was and was not a worthy American.
Laughlin was a leading proponent of anti-immigration in the 1920s and 30s. He sat before many Congressional hearings espousing the restriction of immigrants with undesirable traits for the express reason that they would be a toll on the American gene pool (Nielsen, 2012).
In modern times, a group called the American Immigration Control Foundation (AICF) which was funded initially by a eugenical society from 1937 called the Pioneer Foundation, is at the forefront of anti-immigration based on racial undesirability (Intelligence Report, 2001).
Beyond immigration restrictions, Laughlin felt that the American citizenry itself had to be held to a higher standard as well. In this way, Laughlin's strategy for America was two-fold. Protect the borders from unwanted persons and restrict unwanted traits in people through forced sterilization (Nielsen, 2012, p. 102).
Laughlin ended up being an expert witness in the Virginia case of Buck v. Bell, which you may read about in depth here.
Laughlin received an honorary Doctorate of Medicine degree from the University of Heidelberg, Germany in 1936 largely for his work in Eugenical Sterilization in the United States which contained a 'model sterilization law' ("Nazi Connection", 2020). This law was eventually used by Hitler and the Nazis as the foundation for the Nazi Sterilization Laws. These laws precipitated 80,000 murders in Germany one year into its enactment and 300,000 murders before the start of WWII (Equal Justice Initiative).
Peter Singer actively defends assisted suicide of disabled adults and even more disturbing, the killing of severely disabled infants. He argues that these infants are undesirable, making them either a poor possibility for adoption and a burden for the natural parents. Nor does he believe that babies should even be considered people until they reach a certain age due to being self-unaware.
Singer is a world-renowned atheist philosopher and animal rights advocate. He participates in many speaking engagements to this day and consistently releases new content. Most recently (November 16, 2021), he tweeted a blurb for a live stream discussion of ethical consideration of genetics by the author of The Genetic Lottery and Its Ethical Implications Kathryn Paige Harden. Her book takes a more liberal view of genetic engineering as a way to decrease social injustice (Coyne, 2021). Unfortunately, genetic engineering has little to do with the social aspect of injustices against humanity.
Dr. Heberer Rice and Dr. Kaelber lay out the results of Laughlin's work in this powerful, if not somewhat dry lecture. You will see that the Nazi party began using family trees, ethnic divisions, and sterilizations to ensure racial purity long before WWII began. The parallels between Nazi policies and the earlier work by Laughlin is no coincidence.
“Mental deficiency: idiot, imbecile, and moron.” Eugenics Archive, 2015 https://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/connections/53480acd132156674b0002c3
“ABLEISM 101 WORKSHOP SERIES: (BRIEF) HISTORY OF DISABILITY ACTIVISM & DISABILITY RIGHTS.” University of Arizona, 2021, https://drc.arizona.edu/cultural-center/ableism-101-workshop-series-brief-history-disability-activism-disability-rights
Coyne, Jerry A. "Can genetics help eliminate inequality?" The Washington Post, Nov. 19, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/can-genetics-help-eliminate-inequality/2021/11/17/e7767ad6-286c-11ec-9de8-156fed3e81bf_story.html
Duignan, Brian. "Peter Singer." Britannica, Jul. 02, 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Singer
Equal Justice Initiative. "Publication of 'Model Sterilization Law' Leads to Targeted Compulsory Sterilizations." https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/dec/2
Gur-Arie, Rachel. “Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (1922), by Harry H. Laughlin.” The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, Aug. 12, 2015, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/eugenical-sterilization-united-states-1922-harry-h-laughlin
Gur-Arie, Rachel. “Harry Hamilton Laughlin (1880-1943).” The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, Dec. 19, 2014, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/harry-hamilton-laughlin-1880-1943
Heberer Rice, Patricia and Kaelber, Lutz. "A History of Eugenics." YouTube, uploaded by United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, August 26, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeSM9vz6ylg
McBryde Johnson, Harriet. "Unspeakable Conversations." Disability Visibility: First-Person Stories from the Twenty-First Century, edited by Alice Wong, Vintage, 2020, pp. 3-27.
"Nazi Connection." Truman State University: Harry Laughlin and Eugenics, 2020, https://historyofeugenics.truman.edu/exchanging-ideas/international-discourse/nazi-connection/
Nielsen, Kim E. "A Disability History of the United States." Beacon Press, Boston, 2012.
Singer, Peter [@PeterSinger]. "Kathryn Paige Harden, author of the controversial book The Genetic Lottery, will be speaking at Princeton tomorrow at 4.30pm about the ethical implications of our current understanding of genetics. Not at Princeton? You can watch the live feed here:" Twitter, Nov. 16, 2021, https://twitter.com/PeterSinger/status/1460810193973956612?cxt=HHwWiMCygbfI68UoAAAA
Intelligence Report. "Anti-Immigration Groups." Southern Poverty Law Center, Spring 2001, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/anti-immigration-groups
Yang, Jia Lynn. "A System of Sorting." Lapham's Quarterly, June 01, 2020. https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/system-sorting