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The SCAP benchmarks are available as ZIP downloads on this site as well. The DISA SCAP scan is only available to those with a DoD CAC and can be downloaded from the DoD Cyber Exchange NIPR site. See the URL above for more information. You use the benchmark files to load into the SCAP scanner and that allows the scan to match against good known security standards. The results of a SCAP scan can be exported as an XCCDF format XML file and then imported into a Checklist using a tool such as STIG viewer or OpenRMF OSS to create an actual checklist of findings.

And the OpenSCAP tool at -scap.org/ also produces SCAP results that OpenRMF OSS can take in and use to create STIG Checklists from your scan results. This is as of version 1.4 and later of OpenRMF OSS.

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The first way is is to export the scan as XCCDF format and import into the STIG Viewer ( -stig-tools/). You can import a SCAP scan and turn it into a checklist within the DISA STIG Viewer tool to see items that are Open, Not a Finding, or Not Reviewed from the scan. The checklists you make per system per tool or subject (i.e. one for MS Office, one for Windows 10, one for Windows defender, all on the same machine) are used as evidence of your security posture. You do this when going for compliance, security checks, or a DoD or Federal Government ATO to get your system or network connected to the infrastructure and in production.

DISA recently released their SCAP Compliance Checker (SCC) tool for free to the public! This used to only be available to DoD, gov, or contractor use. Now, it's available for anyone to use to evaluate the hardening of their machines!

Before, if someone without a government or military sponsor wanted to evaluate their systems, they would have open the STIG and manually go through each check one by one to determine if it was open (some STIGs consist of hundreds of items). There are some open-source tools like OpenSCAP for Linux systems that work OK, but nothing really for Windows (or that could scan both Linux and Windows from the same console).

In the ever-changing world of computer security where new vulnerabilities are being discovered and patched every day, enforcing security compliance must be a continuous process. It also needs to include a way to make adjustments to policies, as well as periodic assessment and risk monitoring. The OpenSCAP ecosystem provides tools and customizable policies for a quick, cost-effective and flexible implementation of these processes.

Leaving your systems with unpatched vulnerabilities can have a number of consequences, ranging from embarrassment to heavy damage when a vulnerability is exploited by an attacker. A timely inspection of software inventory that identifies vulnerabilities is a must for any organization in the 21st century. The OpenSCAP project provides tools for automated vulnerability checking, allowing you to take steps to prevent attacks before they happen.

We will use the scap-security-guide SSG project to provide us the SCAPcontent. It provides security policies written in a form of SCAP documentscovering many areas of computer security, and it implements security guidancesrecommended by respected authorities, namely PCI DSS, STIG, andUSGCB.

You can also generate your own SCAP content if you have an understanding of at leastXCCDF or OVAL. XCCDF content is also frequently published online under opensource licenses, and you can customize this content to suit your needs instead.SCAP Workbench is a great tool to do the customization.

The Basic oscap usage section of the manual presents how to install the tooland SCAP content and how to use those to examine a SCAP content, perform aconfiguration scan or how to automatically remediate your machines.

You can either build the OpenSCAP library and the oscap tool fromsource (for details please refer to the compiling section),or you can use an existing build for your Linux distribution. Use thefollowing yum command if you want to install the oscap tool on yourFedora or Red Hat Enterprise Linux distribution:

Before you can start using the oscap tool you must have some SCAP contenton your system. You can download it from the respective web site but wewill use the SSG project in the following sections. You can build it from thesource or you can install it using a package management system:

When the SCAP content is imported or installed on your system, oscap canprocess the content by specifying the file path to the content. The oscapsupports SCAP 1.2 and is backward compatible with SCAP1.1 and SCAP 1.0. No special treatment is required inorder to import and process earlier versions of the SCAP content.

One of the capabilities of oscap is to display information about the SCAPcontents within a file. Running the oscap info command allows theexamination of the internal structure of a SCAP document and displaysinformation such as the document type, specification version, status, the datethe document was published (Generated) and the date the document was copied tofile system (Imported). When examining an XCCDF document or a SCAP data stream,generally, the most useful information is about profiles, checklists, andstreams.

Checklists lists available checklists incorporated in the Data Stream thatyou can use for the --benchmark-id command line attribute with oscap xccdfeval. Also each checklist has the detailed information printed.

The main goal of the oscap tool is to perform configuration andvulnerability scans of a local system. Oscap is able to evaluate bothXCCDF benchmarks and OVAL definitions and generate the appropriateresults. Please note that SCAP content can be provided either in asingle file (as an OVAL file or SCAP Data Stream), or as multipleseparate XML files. The following examples distinguish between theseapproaches.

The SCAP document can have a form of a single OVAL file (an OVALDefinition file). The oscap tool processes the OVAL Definition fileduring evaluation of OVAL definitions. It collects systeminformation, evaluates it and generates an OVAL Result file. The resultof evaluation of each OVAL definition is printed to standard outputstream. The following examples describe the most common scenariosinvolving an OVAL Definition file.

Where the OVAL definition being evaluated is defined by theoval:rhel:def:1000 string, scap-oval.xml is the OVAL Definition fileand oval-results.xml is the OVAL Result file.

Where ds.xml is the given data stream, xccdf.xml is an XCCDF filespecifying the OVAL component, oval-results.xml is the OVAL Resultfile, and scap-ds.xml is a file representing the SCAP data streamcollection.

You can use oscap info with Source DataStream files as well. SourceDataStream will often reference OVAL files that are bundled in it.It is also possible to extract OVAL files from Source DataStream through oscap ds sds-split.

When evaluating an XCCDF benchmark, oscap usually processes an XCCDFfile, an OVAL file and the CPE dictionary. It performs systemanalysis and produces XCCDF results based on this analysis. The resultsof the scan do not have to be saved in a separate file but can beattached to the XCCDF file. The evaluation result of each XCCDF rulewithin an XCCDF checklist is printed to standard output stream. The CVEand CCE identifiers associated with the rules are printed as well. Thefollowing is a sample output for a single XCCDF rule:

Where scap-xccdf.xml is the XCCDF document, Desktop is the selectedprofile from the XCCDF document, xccdf-results.xml is a file storingthe scan results, and cpe-dictionary.xml is the CPE dictionary.

Commonly, all required input files are bundled together in Source DataStream.Scanning using Source DataStream is also handled by oscap xccdf eval command,with some additional parameters available to determine which of the bundledbenchmarks should be performed.

Where scap-ds.xml is a file representing the SCAP DataStreamcollection, ds.xml is the particular DataStream, xccdf.xml is ID ofthe component-ref pointing to the desired XCCDF document, andxccdf-results.xml is a file containing the scan results.

Where scap-ds.xml is a file representing the SCAP DataStreamcollection, benchmark_id is a string matching the "id" attribute ofxccdf:Benchmark containing in a component, and xccdf-results.xml is afile containing the scan results.

OpenSCAP allows to automatically remediate systems that have been found in anon-compliant state. For system remediation, an XCCDF file with instructions isrequired. The scap-security-guide package contains certain remediationinstructions.

Whenever oscap executes a fix script, it immediately evaluates the OVALdefinition again (to verify that the fix script has been applied correctly).During this second run, if the OVAL evaluation returns success, the result ofthe rule is fixed, otherwise it is an error.

In the second step, oscap executes the fix scripts and verifies the result. Itis safe to store the results into the input file, no data will be lost. Duringoffline remediation, a new TestResult element is created that is basedon the input one and inherits all the data. The newly created TestResultdiffers only in the rule-result elements that have failed. For those,remediation is executed.

Before you start using a security policy on your systems, you should firstverify the policy in order to avoid any possible syntax or semantic errors inthe policy. The oscap tool can be used to validate the security contentagainst standard SCAP XML schemas. The validation results are printed to thestandard error stream (stderr). The general syntax of such a validation commandis the following: 2351a5e196