GRAMMAR

Tenses

Simple Future Tense

If you pay attention to the opening paragraphs of this article, you will definitely know the use of this grammar, yes, the use of this grammar, explaining events that will occur in the future.

Simple future tense has two sentence patterns.

First, you will find "will" diction in the simple future tense sentence. Here's the sentence form;

Neni will arrive tomorrow

Will Dodit back to home soon?

Second, you will find "be going to" diction in the simple future tense sentence. Before I write down the sentence form, let me clarify again that the diction "be" means is, am, and are, in English the call is to be. Well, here's the sentence form;

Neni is going to school

Dodit going to be a singer

The first character that is owned by the simple future tense, you can use will to show voluntary actions when you want to help your friends, friends, or those closest to you. You can use will to make promises to friends, family, or even your lover. simple future tense, you can use be going to to explain the plans you want to do the next day, the day after tomorrow, next week, or even next month.

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense has a simple formula that can help you understand about it, what is the formula? Pay attention to the following description:

"S + Have / Has + V3 (Past Participle)"

First, you can use the present perfect tense when you have just finished working on something, of course, in doing it, you spend a lot of time, right? But in this grammar, timing doesn't really matter. Here's the sentence form:

I have eaten breakfast

Second, you can use the present perfect tense when your friend asks you a question that usually requires you to answer it with a short "yes" or "no" answer, usually a question about your daily experiences. Here's the sentence form:

Have you ever visited Seoul in South Korea?

Third, you can use the present perfect tense when your friend asks you how long you lived in your city, since when have you been friends with your friend, or you can even be asked when you last went to London. You can answer it using 2 diction "since" and "for", let's listen to the sentence form so you know how to use since and for in this grammar.

Zoni has ever been to Bandung 5 times since 2010

Present Continuous Tense

The present continuous tense is a tense that you can use to describe the activity you are doing right now.

S + To Be + V-ing

I am reading novel right now

If you want to use the present continuous tense, you have two choices, first, you can really use a time statement like the example sentence above "Right Now" as an explanation if the activity you are currently doing.

Second, you can also delete the time statement, you know, because without adding any information on the time, the person who asks you will not make a big deal about it, because he is asking at the present moment, so, it doesn't matter if the time statement is removed.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Used to denote an action that began in the past and continues to the present. Usually actions that use this tense have a fixed duration of time and have relevance to the present condition.

Signal word: since, for the past…, the whole week.

Positive sentence (Subject + has / have + been + Verb-ing + Complement) = She has been standing there for 1 hour.

Negative sentence (Subject + has / have + not + been + Verb-ing + Complement) = You have not been working here since 3 years ago.

Question sentence (Has / have + Subject + been + Verb-ing + Complement?) = Have you been studying here since 2019?

Past Continuous Tense

Used to show an event that is happening in the past. Usually there are two events occurring in the past and the interrupted event which uses this tense.

Signal word: when, while, as long as, at this time yesterday.

Positive sentence (Subject + was / were + Verb-ing + Complement) = I was eating ramen when she called.

Negative sentence (Subject + was / were + Not + Verb-ing + Complement) = I was not eating ramen when she called.

Interrogative sentence (Was / were + Subject + Verb-ing + Complement?) = Was I eating ramen when she called?

Past Perfect Tense

It is used to show events that occurred before a certain time in the past and emphasizes the result rather than the duration of the event. Usually used to indicate which event occurs first between two named events.

Signal word: yesterday, till three days ago, already, until that day.

Positive sentence (Subject + had + Verb3 + Complement) = I had finished my task before I met up with my girlfriend yesterday.

Negative sentence (Subject + had + not + Verb3 + Complement) = I had not finished my task before I met up with my girlfriend yesterday.

Interrogative sentence (Had + Subject + Verb3 + Complement?) = Had I finished my task before I met up with my girlfriend yesterday?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Used to show actions that occurred in the past and were completed at a specific time in the past as well. This tense emphasizes the duration of its occurrence. This tense is also used in Reported Speech.

Signal word: for, since, the whole day, all day.

Positive sentence (Subject + had + been + Verb-ing + Complement) = You had been eating for an hour.

Negative sentence (Subject + had + not + been + Verb-ing + Complement) = He had not been eating for an hour.

Question sentence (Had + Subject + been + Verb-ing + Complement?) = Had he been eating for an hour?

Future Continuous Tense

Used to show an action or situation that will occur at a certain time in the future.

Signal word: tomorrow morning, in ten years.

Positive sentence (Subject + will / be going to + be + Verb-ing + Complement) = I will be reading a novel.

Negative sentence (Subject + will not / be not going to + be + Verb-ing + Complement) = I will not be reading a novel.

Question sentence (Am / are / is + Subject + Verb-ing + Complement?) = Are you going to be reading a novel?

Future Perfect Tense

Used to denote an action that will end in the future.

Signal word: next…, in a week.

Positive sentence (Subject + will have + Verb3 + Complement) = Dian will have finished her homework by tomorrow.

Negative sentence (Subject + will not have + Verb3 + Complement) = Dian will not have finished her homework by tomorrow.

Interrogative sentence (Will + Subject + have Verb3 + Complement?) = Will Dian have finished her homework by tomorrow?

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

This English formula is used to show actions that will continue to occur in the future. This tense emphasizes results.

Signal sentence: for the last…, all day long.

Positive sentence (Subject + would + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement) = He would have been working here for two years.

Negative sentence (Subject + would + not + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement) = He would not have been working here for two years.

Question sentence (Would + Subject + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement?) = Would He have been working here for two years?

Adjective Clauses

The adjective clause (or relative clause) is one of the most important parts of English grammar because it is often used and plays a role in providing more detailed information in a sentence. Basically, an adjective clause is a clause that cannot stand alone (dependent clause) which functions to modify nouns or pronouns in complex sentences.

There are three important characteristics of an adjective clause, there are :

1. Must have a subject and a verb.

2. Must start with:

· Relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, that, or which

· Relative adverb: when, where, or why

3. Serves as an adjective, which answers questions like what, how much, which, and so on.

Adjective clause patterns typically follow one of two patterns:

Relative pronoun or adverb + S + V

I lost the book whom I borrowed from her.

Whom : relative pronoun

I : subjek

Borrowed : verb

Relative pronoun as subject + V

The contract that was signed last year is no longer valid.

That: a relative pronoun as a subject

Was signed: verb

There are two types of adjective clauses, there are :

1. Restrictive

- It is necessary to identify the noun described.

- Usually use a relative pronoun that.

2. Non-Restrictive

- Only as additional information because it is not really necessary to identify the noun described

- Usually a comma (,) precedes a relative pronoun.

Modals

Modals is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to express abilities, possibilities, permissions, prohibitions and musts. Below are modals, functions and examples.

1. Can

Function :

• States the ability to do something in the present (present) and as a substitute for be able to.

Example: I can close the window, I can speak Chinese

• Ask for permission

Example: Can I go out until past midnight?

• Ask for help

Example: Can you pass me the salt and pepper?

• Ask for offering

Example: Can I help you? , I can lend you some money if you want.

2. Could

It has almost the same function as can, but is used to refer to the past and to more polite questions.

3. May

Function :

• State the possibilities

Example: She may not come tonight, I may go to the doctor with mom.

• Ask permission to do something in the present

Example: May I go now? May I take your chair?

4. Might

Function : State likelihood but less likely than "may".

Example: She might be in her room, Dad might come to my birthday party.

5. Must

Function :

• States a must or an obligation

Example: I must go buy some groceries

• Possibility (stronger than "may")

Example: You must be exhausted after driving for 8 hours straight.

• Suggestions or recommendations

Example: You must try Genki Sushi in Shibuya.

6. Must Not / may not

Function : declares prohibition (must not be stronger than may not).

Example: You must not take stuff that is not yours, you must not be late.

7. Need not

Function: States something that is not needed.

Example: I needn't do my homework because tomorrow is Sunday.

8. Should / Ought To

Both should and ought to are used to express or make suggestions. The difference is, should be subjective while ought to is more objective. So should is used more to show our opinion about something we think should be done (or not done). Meanwhile ought to is usually used more when talking about rules or regulations. Example:

You should do your homework. (You have to do your homework.)

They ought to follow the school regulations. (They are supposed to follow school regulations.)

9. Will

Used to indicate future plans or express requests.

Example:

I will go to Bernie's house tomorrow. (I'll go to Bernie's house tomorrow.)

Will you turn down your music? (Can you turn your music down?)

10. Shall

Used to invite or show obligation in a very formal situation.

Example:

Shall we dance? (Want to dance?)

You shall not enter this area. (You must not enter this area.)

11. Would

Used to show preferences and desires.

Example:

I would rather eat chocolate than candy. (I prefer to eat chocolate over candy.)

Anne would like to have a dollhouse. (Anne wanted to have a doll house.)

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