Dha Phase 8 Map Pdf Download

This convention is especially appropriate for a sinusoidal function, since its value at any argument t {\displaystyle t} then can be expressed as ( t ) {\displaystyle \varphi (t)} , the sine of the phase, multiplied by some factor (the amplitude of the sinusoid). (The cosine may be used instead of sine, depending on where one considers each period to start.)

Usually, whole turns are ignored when expressing the phase; so that ( t ) {\displaystyle \varphi (t)} is also a periodic function, with the same period as F {\displaystyle F} , that repeatedly scans the same range of angles as t {\displaystyle t} goes through each period. Then, F {\displaystyle F} is said to be "at the same phase" at two argument values t 1 {\displaystyle t_{1}} and t 2 {\displaystyle t_{2}} (that is, ( t 1 ) = ( t 2 ) {\displaystyle \varphi (t_{1})=\varphi (t_{2})} ) if the difference between them is a whole number of periods.

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This concept can be visualized by imagining a clock with a hand that turns at constant speed, making a full turn every T {\displaystyle T} seconds, and is pointing straight up at time t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} . The phase ( t ) {\displaystyle \varphi (t)} is then the angle from the 12:00 position to the current position of the hand, at time t {\displaystyle t} , measured clockwise.

The phase concept is most useful when the origin t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} is chosen based on features of F {\displaystyle F} . For example, for a sinusoid, a convenient choice is any t {\displaystyle t} where the function's value changes from zero to positive.

Moreover, for any given choice of the origin t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} , the value of the signal F {\displaystyle F} for any argument t {\displaystyle t} depends only on its phase at t {\displaystyle t} . Namely, one can write F ( t ) = f ( ( t ) ) {\displaystyle F(t)=f(\varphi (t))} , where f {\displaystyle f} is a function of an angle, defined only for a single full turn, that describes the variation of F {\displaystyle F} as t {\displaystyle t} ranges over a single period.

In the clock analogy, each signal is represented by a hand (or pointer) of the same clock, both turning at constant but possibly different speeds. The phase difference is then the angle between the two hands, measured clockwise.

The phase difference is particularly important when two signals are added together by a physical process, such as two periodic sound waves emitted by two sources and recorded together by a microphone. This is usually the case in linear systems, when the superposition principle holds.

For arguments t {\displaystyle t} when the phase difference is zero, the two signals will have the same sign and will be reinforcing each other. One says that constructive interference is occurring. At arguments t {\displaystyle t} when the phases are different, the value of the sum depends on the waveform.

If the frequencies are different, the phase difference ( t ) {\displaystyle \varphi (t)} increases linearly with the argument t {\displaystyle t} . The periodic changes from reinforcement and opposition cause a phenomenon called beating.

The phase difference is especially important when comparing a periodic signal F {\displaystyle F} with a shifted and possibly scaled version G {\displaystyle G} of it. That is, suppose that G ( t ) = F ( t + ) {\displaystyle G(t)=\alpha \,F(t+\tau )} for some constants , {\displaystyle \alpha ,\tau } and all t {\displaystyle t} . Suppose also that the origin for computing the phase of G {\displaystyle G} has been shifted too. In that case, the phase difference {\displaystyle \varphi } is a constant (independent of t {\displaystyle t} ), called the 'phase shift' or 'phase offset' of G {\displaystyle G} relative to F {\displaystyle F} . In the clock analogy, this situation corresponds to the two hands turning at the same speed, so that the angle between them is constant.

Therefore, when two periodic signals have the same frequency, they are always in phase, or always out of phase. Physically, this situation commonly occurs, for many reasons. For example, the two signals may be a periodic soundwave recorded by two microphones at separate locations. Or, conversely, they may be periodic soundwaves created by two separate speakers from the same electrical signal, and recorded by a single microphone. They may be a radio signal that reaches the receiving antenna in a straight line, and a copy of it that was reflected off a large building nearby.

A well-known example of phase difference is the length of shadows seen at different points of Earth. To a first approximation, if F ( t ) {\displaystyle F(t)} is the length seen at time t {\displaystyle t} at one spot, and G {\displaystyle G} is the length seen at the same time at a longitude 30 west of that point, then the phase difference between the two signals will be 30 (assuming that, in each signal, each period starts when the shadow is shortest).

For sinusoidal signals (and a few other waveforms, like square or symmetric triangular), a phase shift of 180 is equivalent to a phase shift of 0 with negation of the amplitude. When two signals with these waveforms, same period, and opposite phases are added together, the sum F + G {\displaystyle F+G} is either identically zero, or is a sinusoidal signal with the same period and phase, whose amplitude is the difference of the original amplitudes.

A real-world example of a sonic phase difference occurs in the warble of a Native American flute. The amplitude of different harmonic components of same long-held note on the flute come into dominance at different points in the phase cycle. The phase difference between the different harmonics can be observed on a spectrogram of the sound of a warbling flute.[4]

Phase comparison is a comparison of the phase of two waveforms, usually of the same nominal frequency. In time and frequency, the purpose of a phase comparison is generally to determine the frequency offset (difference between signal cycles) with respect to a reference.[3]

A phase comparison can be made by connecting two signals to a two-channel oscilloscope. The oscilloscope will display two sine signals, as shown in the graphic to the right. In the adjacent image, the top sine signal is the test frequency, and the bottom sine signal represents a signal from the reference.

If the two frequencies were exactly the same, their phase relationship would not change and both would appear to be stationary on the oscilloscope display. Since the two frequencies are not exactly the same, the reference appears to be stationary and the test signal moves. By measuring the rate of motion of the test signal the offset between frequencies can be determined.

Vertical lines have been drawn through the points where each sine signal passes through zero. The bottom of the figure shows bars whose width represents the phase difference between the signals. In this case the phase difference is increasing, indicating that the test signal is lower in frequency than the reference.[3]

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Decitabine (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine) inhibits DNA methylation and has dual effects on neoplastic cells, including the reactivation of silenced genes and differentiation at low doses and cytotoxicity at high doses. We evaluated, in a phase 1 study, low-dose prolonged exposure schedules of decitabine in relapsed/refractory leukemias. Patient cohorts received decitabine at 5, 10, 15, or 20 mg/m2 intravenously over one hour daily, 5 days a week for 2 consecutive weeks, doses 5- to approximately 30-fold lower than the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). There were 2 groups that also received 15 mg/m2 daily for 15 or 20 days. A total of 50 patients were treated (44 with acute myelogenous leukemia [AML]/myelodysplasia [MDS], 5 with chronic myelogenous leukemia [CML], and 1 with acute lymphocytic leukemia [ALL]), and the drug was well tolerated at all dose levels, with myelosuppression being the major side effect. Responses were seen at all dose levels. However, the dose of 15 mg/m2 for 10 days appeared to induce the most responses (11 of 17 or 65%), with fewer responses seen when the dose was escalated or prolonged (2 of 19 or 11%). There was no correlation between P15 methylation at baseline or after therapy and response to decitabine. We conclude that decitabine is effective in myeloid malignancies, and low doses are as or more effective than higher doses.

The final phase two program promotes a new generation of cleaner, more fuel efficient trucks by encouraging the development and deployment of new and advanced cost-effective technologies. The product of four years of extensive testing and research, the vehicle and engine performance standards would cover model years 2018-2027 for certain trailers and model years 2021-2027 for semi-trucks, large pickup trucks, vans, and all types and sizes of buses and work trucks. The final standards are expected to lower CO2 emissions by approximately 1.1 billion metric tons, save vehicle owners fuel costs of about $170 billion, and reduce oil consumption by up to two billion barrels over the lifetime of the vehicles sold under the program. 2351a5e196