The book was donated to Harvard's Houghton Library by Dr. Ludovic Bouland in the 1930s, and contained a note from the Bouland in which he claimed that "a book about the human soul deserved to have a human covering."

The doctrine of a future life has been a matter of debate since the dawn of civilization. The ancient Egyptians believed in the immortality of the soul, while the Greek philosopher Plato argued that the soul was immortal but subject to reincarnation.


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In the monastery church, at dawn... 

The monks are all gathered together. Father Guardiano explains to them that a lost soul has come to repent and atone for its faults inside the sacred hermitage, which no one is to approach on pain of divine malediction. He gives his blessing to Leonora. Once the ceremony is over, she sets off to her mountain retreat.

"Dare to come, you who defy Venus!" cries Thas, the priestess of Venus, to ascetic monk Athanal, determined to save her soul by converting her to Christianity. This challenge precipitates the action of Thas, Massenet's operatic masterpiece, staged here by Jean-Louis Grinda at the Opra de Monte-Carlo with Jean-Yves Ossonce conducting!

Harvard University scientists have confirmed that a 19th century French treatise in its libraries is bound in human skin, Harvard University said this week, after a bevvy of scientific testing. Arsene Houssaye's "Des destinees de l'ame" (On the destiny of the soul) is part of the antique book collection of the university's Houghton Library, which specializes in rare and antique works. Harvard conservators and scientists used several methods to test the origin of the book binding material, using microscopic samples. Through these tests, they were able to exclude the possibility that the book cover was made from the skin of a goat, a sheep or another animal. "They are 99 percent confident that the binding is of human origin," said a post on the library's blog, citing senior rare book conservator Alan Puglia. The conclusions confirm the veracity of a handwritten note in French found in the book, which said the book was bound "in human skin parchment." "By looking carefully, you easily distinguish the pores of the skin," added the note, written by a doctor who was a friend of Houssaye, who lived 1815-1896. "A book about the human soul deserved to have a human covering," explained the doctor, Ludovic Bouland. Bouland said the skin was taken from the back of a woman who suffered from mental illness and had died of a heart attack. The doctor said he had another book bound in human skin in his personal collection that was tanned with sumac. Harvard said that "Des destinees de l'ame" was the only book in its collection bound in human flesh. However, the practice, called anthropodermic bibliopegy, was once somewhat common, the university said. "There are many accounts of similar occurrences in the 19th century, in which the bodies of executed criminals were donated to science, and the skins given to tanners and bookbinders," the library's blog entry said. Two other books thought to be bound in human skin, from Harvard's law library and its medical library, were also analyzed, but the tests revealed the binding was sheepskin.

Specific leitmotifs dominate any attempt to weave together a narrative of the history of Romania and Hungary during the Second World War: the complex, troubled, vital historical background of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires, and the emergent territorial claims of the Soviet Union; the cultural, ethnic and demographic tessellation of the region; the inalienable plexus of destinies, and the desperate yearning for national discreteness and sovereignty; the politics of central European fascism and irredentism, the fluctuations of neutrality and chameleonic coalitions, of isolationism and belonging, of ghettos and communities; the biography and genealogy of racial hatred; the power of local folklore, landscapes, the bloodlines of archetypes. The destinies of peoples and the particular drama of the Jews.

I am no fatalist. I do not believe that the good God has orderedto be written down in a book what all the millions of little soulson the earth are to be doing this day a year hence. He, no doubt,in his wisdom has a general idea of such coming events as famines,earthquakes, wars and pestilences, but man must remain full ofsurprises for his Maker; his activities are incalculable, and tinycircumstances, the effect of his minute will, have a way of spoilingthe fine large trend of the great cumulative power of the past thatwe call fate. It is true that such characters as Bianca and Philiberthave about them the quality of the inevitable. Certainly, as comparedto Jane, they were not free people. They were the children of an oldand elaborate civilization, and impelled by obscure impulses that theythemselves never recognized and that had their source in some dim darkpoisonous pocket of the past.

On the other hand I believe that if Paris had not mixed itself upin the long duel between these two women it might have ended lesstragically, at any rate less tragically for Jane. Had they lived inLondon or Moscow or New York it would have been different. They wouldnot have been so conspicuous. The vast and impersonal life of a greatcommunity would have absorbed them. But Paris held them close andwatched them. It held them for twenty years. If they went away for atime they always came back and met face to face and could not get awayfrom each other, for Paris is small and Paris is more personal thanany city in the world. It is a spoiled beauty, excessively interestedin personalities. I speak now of Paris, the lovely capriciouscreature that has existed for centuries, that has kept the specialquality of its bland sparkling beauty through invasions, revolutionsand massacres, and is still elegant under the dominion of the mostbourgeois of governments. I speak of the Paris that seems to me topossess a soul, the soul of an immortal yet mortal woman, seductive[Pg 119]pliable, submissive and indestructible. Do I sound fantastic? I havecommuned with my city for years, at night and in the morning and atmid-day. I have been a lonely man wandering through its streets andit has confided to me its secrets. Most often at night, when all thelittle people that inhabit its houses are asleep, I have listened,and like a sigh breathing up from its silvery bosom, I have heard itsvoice and understood its whispered confidences that carry a lamentfor days that are gone and are full of the tales of its many amours.Ah, my worldly-wise beauty, mistress of a hemisphere, what you donot know of men is indeed not worth knowing. And still they come,covetous, lustful, enamoured. What crimes have they not committed, whatbirthrights not denied, what fortunes not wasted, what fatherlands notrepudiated, to win your favour?

Vaguely I recalled the mentality of my American home. It was therebehind me, like a cold and lifeless plaster cast behind a curtain.Here was something infinitely more interesting, something brilliantlyliving, something merry and subtle and fine that defied disapproval.The powers of evil? Chimeras! No room for them here, no room foranything dismal and boring. I felt an uplift, it was like an awakening.All that horror of soul searching, all the dreary puritan A. B. C. ofright and wrong was a childish nightmare. These people understood theworld. They made fun of evil. They loved each other and found no faultwith their friends. Under their gaiety was a deep sympathy for poorhumanity.

At times they reminded me of tight-rope walkers crossing a dizzy abyss.There was something tense and daring about their stillness, as if achasm yawned under them. No doubt it did, but it was not their worldlyposition that was precarious, it was their actual hold on life. Theywould go on with their old titles and ruined fortunes leading thedance till they dropped, but they might drop any time. People in theirentourage did, they were accustomed to violence. One had had a loverwho called her up one morning and shot himself while she listened overthe telephone. Another had tried twice to kill herself. Most of themdrank and took drugs. Their hard glittering eyes gave out a glare ofexperience, but their faces were cold, calm, non-commital, and if theywere worried by the caddishness of the men they loved, by debts and thetorments of passion, they gave no sign and held together and helpedeach other. For damned souls, they made a good show, and I admired them.

I worked and was happy. I lifted battered men in my arms, soothed theirpain, washed their bodies, scrubbed their feet; poor ugly swollen feettramping to death in grotesque boots, socks rotting away in them. Ienjoyed scrubbing them. I had, for the business, pails of hot water,scrubbing brushes, the kind one uses for floors, and slabs of yellowsoap. For some months, it was my job to wash the wounded who came infrom the trenches. Many of them were [Pg 318]peasants, old bearded men whotalked patois, in soft guttural voices and called me sister. Theirgreat coats were covered with mud and blood, they crawled with vermin.I loved them. They had given their lives, they had given up theirhomes, their deep ploughed fields, their children, their cattle. Theydid not complain. Their stubborn souls looked out at me kindly fromweary eyes, sunk under shaggy brows, and loving them, my brothers, Iloved France, the France I had not, before, known.

I had failed, and I felt old, so very old, and at the same timemy heart was full of childish longings and weakness. If only someone would come and comfort me. If only some one would take myresponsibilities from me. I wanted help and relief. I thought of you. Iknew that you, Blaise, would have helped me, but Philibert had shut thedoor in your face that evening and had snarled at me horrible things,saying he would never have you in the house again. He had accused youand me of a criminal affection for each other. I remembered his lividface and twitching lips. A feeling of sickness pervaded my body andsoul. Jinny, asleep, was fragrant as a flower. I was contaminated,unclean. 2351a5e196

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