Despite its increasing prevalence and importance in HCI, the term “design fiction” is used in a number of different ways for different goals. With design fiction reaching a critical mass in the CHI community, this is an opportune moment for reflection and agenda-setting.
This workshop will address major questions for design fictions:
We invite your submissions as extended abstracts (max. 4 pages). We are open to diverse submission formats – please contact us to discuss if needed. Submissions should be emailed to DesignFictionWorkshop2020@gmail.com , and will be peer-reviewed by the organizers based on originality, relevance, and clarity. Submission acceptance requires that at least one author registers for and attend the workshop. Please email us at DesignFictionWorkshop2020@gmail.com to discuss your ideas.
Michael Muller, IBM Research, michael_muller@us.ibm.com
Jeffrey Bardzell, Indiana University
EunJeong Cheon, Indiana University
Norman Makoto Su, Indiana University
Eric P.S. Baumer, Lehigh University
Casey Lynn Fiesler, University of Colorado
Ann Light, University of Sussex
Mark Blythe, Northumbia University
Design fictions are increasingly important and prevalent within HCI, though they are created through diverse practices and approaches and take many diverse forms. The goal of this workshop is both to create an overview of this diversity and to move towards a shared vision of design fiction within the CHI community. With this goal in mind, we invite reports, analyses, and examples of design fictions. An outcome will be development of a summary of the current state-of-the-art seeded by a diversity of perspectives within CHI, a descriptive orientation to this important domain of practices and outcomes, and a proposed set of evaluation guidelines for reviewers of design fiction submissions.
Design fictions are increasingly important and prevalent within the CHI community and HCI more broadly. Design fictions can communicate ideas within teams or across organizations. They can be used for specific purposes within a design project or a development program.
They can also stand on their own, as first-class artifacts that communicate to diverse audiences. They can make functional, aesthetic, pragmatic, and political statements. And they can invite diverse partners to join into design activity and future visions.
However, the term “design fiction” is used in a number of different ways even within the CHI community. With increasing interest in this topic and method, we are at a perfect point for both reflection and agenda-setting. Our intention is not to develop a collective definition, but to surface the diversity of approaches and to think about the role of design fiction within the field of HCI moving forward.
Stories
Pastiche scenarios
Imaginary Abstracts
Futuristic Autobiographies
Artifacts
Probes
Dramas
Others (from participants)
In reviewing the history of design fiction across a variety of contexts, we identify a number of open and unresolved questions. One goal of this workshop is to interrogate these topics and work towards collective descriptions or answers.
Much about design fiction remains “up for grabs” [39]. There have been many contradictory accounts of the origins and developments of design and/or speculative fictions. For design fictions as fictions, many scholars look for origins among Dunne and Raby [17, 18], Bleeker [6], and Sterling [37]. However, participatory design in the 1980s included play-acting with futuristic artifacts, in order to critique technology, work design, and social constraints and assumptions [11, 12, 19], and stories about the future have been part of PD for two decades (e.g., [4, 23]. The themes of the discipline of Future Studies have large overlaps with design fictions as explored in HCI [31]. Design has been understood in HCI as a form of story-telling since the 1990s [5, 20, 30], and also as a form of collaborative story-telling [21].
There are famous examples of speculative fiction with aspects or implications for both technology and broader social systems, such as Swift's Gulliver's Travels [38], Shelley's Frankenstein, or the New Prometheus [34], and in some ways the multi-authored 1001 Arabian Nights [2]. Which of these prior genres should properly be included in an account of design fictions?
Politically-inspired, user-shaped dramas formed a major part of Boal's Theatre of the Oppressed [9], and have entered HCI in focus groups [32] and participatory theatrical practices [11, 24, 25]. HCI methods such as scenarios and personas have been used for over a decade [1, 13, 14], with distinct sub-genres appearing in future studies [31]. Probes have been used in HCI [10, 22], and for a much longer duration in certain focus groups [16] - and yet, a well-regarded paper claimed to "introduce design fiction probes" as recently as four years ago [33]. How do we distinguish – or decline to distinguish – between predecessor methods and design fiction methods? How much is overlap, and how much is novel and specific to design fictions?
This is a good moment to ask integrative questions. There is currently no single definition of design fictions, and perhaps there should never be a unitary (and hence, exclusionary) definition. However, we would benefit from some conceptual organization of the past, present, and future of design fictions. How have design fictions grown out of the rich traditions of scenarios, personas, probes, and workshops?
In considering the diversity of different definitions and types of design fiction, Table 1 provides a simple list of common genres of design fictions. One goal of the workshop is to develop a more principled catalog of these works, including both HCI and selected non-HCI design fictions.
What are the intended outcomes of work with design fictions? What (kinds of) work are design fictions “doing” for us?
These broad-brush summaries are often based in researchers'/authors' underlying commitments (or perhaps unexamined assumptions) regarding who can or should create design fictions, and who can or should interpret them (however, see Tanenbaum et al. [40] for the use of design fictions to experiment with commitments and values). In some cases, these commitments are, in turn, based on political or epistemic positions. Informed by feminist and post-colonial discourses, we can ask, "who gets to be a designer?" and "who gets to be an author of a design fiction?" and crucially, "who makes those typically-invisible decisions?" Similarly to work in participatory design, the fertile diversity of methods appears to be based in part on very different ways of thinking. It would be useful to clarify the relationships of principles to commitments to methods.
As design fictions become more common, we see them both as methods and as artifacts on their own that sometimes need to be evaluated in some way—for example, when submitted to a conference. However, in part because of the questions we raise here, it is difficult to know how to evaluate these as contributions. Another outcome of this workshop will be ideas and possible criteria for contribution and evaluation.
We will publish the workshop Call through email distribution lists and social media. We will solicit submissions of various forms (see Table 2).
Development or use of design fiction(s)
Materials for design fiction(s)
A design fiction
Reflective account of creation of design fiction
Essay on historical aspects or categories of design fictions
Your own excellent ideas
Our tentative workshop agenda appears below. We will begin with a plenary “inspirational panel,” consisting of selected authors from the workshop participants. After the mid-morning break, we move to breakout sessions to discuss different types or histories or futures of design fictions. Following lunch, we reconvene for a plenary discussion of guidelines for reviewers of design fictions. We then split into shorter breakout groups to consider whom we write DFs for, and what we hope to accomplish with those audiences. Finally, we re-gather for a plenary review and discussion of next steps. After we have selected promising submissions, we may adjust the structure of the workshop as needed.
Welcome + Introductions
30 min
Panel: Novel uses of Design Fictions
60 min
Breakouts: The nature of Design Fictions
75 min
- Report back
15 min
Lunch
90 min
Review Criteria for Design Fictions
90 min
Breakouts: Audiences and Impacts
45 min
- Report back
15 min
Next Steps
30 min
We will request participants to read one anothers’ contributions in advance, and we will plan discussions that go beyond what was submitted. We may conduct one or two brief hands-on methods-illustration sessions, if this kind of concrete experience would help to develop further understanding.
As we have outlined above, we hope to advance our collective understandings of design fictions, and we hope to share those understandings. This will take the form of a workshop report blog post, or possibly a more formal article in a venue such as Interactions. We also hope to develop guidelines for new reviewers of design fictions, so as to strengthen these genres for future conferences.
We invite diverse genres of contributions. We would prefer to receive these in the form of ACM extended abstracts (URL), limited to four pages of text, figures, tables, etc. (references may take up additional pages). We realize that some contributions may require a different format, such as a video or a demo. We are open to diverse submission formats, but please contact us before the submission deadline to discuss such formats.
Example submission genres may be as follows:
Website + Call online: 12/11/19
Submission deadline: 2/11/20
Notification date: 2/28/20
Workshop: TBD
1. Tamara Adlin, John Pruitt, Kim Goodwin, Colin Hynes, Karen McGrane, Aviva Rosenstein, and Michael Muller (2006). Putting personas to work. CHI 2006 Adjunct Proceedings, Montréal, QU, CA, 13-16.
2. Anonymous (n.d.). 1001 Arabian nights. See http://www.wollamshram.ca/1001/index.htm for multiple online translations.
3. Eric P.S. Baumer and 27 co-authors/contributors (2014). CHI 2039: Speculative research visions. CHI EA 2014, 761-770.
4. Ian Beeson and Clodagh Miskelly (2000). Dialogue and dissent in stories of community. Proc. PDC 2000.
5. Nicola J. Bidwell, Thomas Reitmaier, Gary Marsden, and Susan Hansen (2010). Designing with mobile digital storytelling in Africa. Proceedings of CHI 2010, Atlanta, GA, USA, 1593-1602.
6. J. Bleeker (2009). Design fiction: A short essay on design, science, fact and fiction. Near Future Laboratory.
7. Mark Blythe and Elizabeth Buie (2014). Chatbots of the Gods: Imaginary abstracts for techno-spirituality research. Proc. NordiCHI 2014, 227-236.
8. Mark Blythe, Enrique Encinas, Jofish Kaye, Miriam Lueck Averry, Rob McCabe, and Kristina Anderson (2018). Imaginary design notebooks: Constructive criticism and practical provocations. Proc. CHI 2018, paper 223.
9. Augusto Boal (1974/1992). Games for actors and non-actors (A. Jackson, Trans.). London: Routledge.
10. Kirsten Boehner, Janet rtesi, Phoebe Sengers, and Paul Dourish (2007). How HCI interprets the probes. Proc. CHI 2007, 1077-1086.
11. Eva Brandt, and Camilla Grunnet (2000). Evoking the future: Drama and props in user centered design. In Proceedings of PDC 2000. New York: CPSR.
12. Susanne Bødker and Kaj Grønbæk (1991). Design in action: From prototyping by demonstration to cooperative prototyping. In J. Greenbaum & M. Kyng (eds.), Design at work: Cooperative design of computer systems. Hillsdale NJ USA: Erlbaum.
13. John Carroll (2000). Making use: Scenario-based design of human-computer interactions. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
14. John Carroll, J. (Ed.) (1995). Scenario-based design for human-computer interaction. New York: Wiley.
15. EunJeong Cheon and Norman Makoto Su (2018). Futuristic autobiographies: Weaving participant narratives to elicit values around robots. Proc. HRI 2018, 388-397.
16. Heather Draper, Tom Sorell, Sandra Bedaf, Dag Sverre Syrdal, Carolina Gutierrez-Ruiz, Alexandre Duclos, and Farshid Amirabdollahian (2014). Ethical dimensions of human-robot interactions in the care of older people: Insights from 21 focus groups convened in the UK, France, and the Netherlands. Int. Conf. Soc. Rob. 2014, 135-145.
17. Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby (2001). Design noir: The secret life of electronic objects. Springer.
18. Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby (2013). Speculative everything: Design, fiction, and social dreaming. MIT Press.
19. Pelle Ehn and Morten Kyng (1991). Cardboard computers: Mocking-it-up or hands-on the future. In J. Greenbaum and M. Kyng (Eds.), Design at work: Cooperative design of computer systems. Hillsdale NJ USA: Erlbaum.
20. Thomas Erickson (1996). Design as story-telling. interactions, July/August 1996.
21. Jerry Alan Fails, Allison Druin, and Mona Leigh Guha (2010). Mobile Collaboration: Collaboratively reading and creating children’s stories on mobile devices. In Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children (IDC’2010), Barcelona, Spain.
22. Bill Gaver, Tony Dunne, and Elena Pacenti (1999). Design: Cultural probes. Interactions 6(1), 21-29.
23. Helena Karasti, Karen S. Baker, and Geoffrey C. Bowker (2002). Ecological storytelling and collaborative scientific activities. SIGGROUP Bulletin 23(2), 29-30.
24. Light, A. (2011). Democratising technology: Inspiring transformation with design, performance and props. Proc. CHI 2011, 2239-2242
25. Light, A., Simpson, G. and Weaver, L., Healey, P.G. (2009). Geezers, turbines, fantasy personas: Making the everyday into the future. Proc. Creativity and Cognition 2009, Berkeley, Oct 2009.
26. Joseph Lindley (2015). Researching design fiction with design fiction. Proc C&C 2015, 325-326.
27. Joseph Lindley and Robert Potts (2014). A machine, learning: An example of HCI prototyping with design fiction. NordiCHI 2014.
28. Michael Muller and Q. Vera Liao (2017). Using participatory design fictions to explore ethics and values for robots and agents. Presentation at HCIC 2017. https://www.slideshare.net/traincroft/hcic-muller-and-liao-participatory-design-fictions-77345391
29. Larissa Vivian Nägele, Merja Ryöppy, and Danielle Wilde (2018). PDFi: Participatory design fiction with vulnerable users. NordiCHI 2018.
30. Julian Orr, and N.C. Crowfoot (1992). Design by anecdote—The use of ethnography to guide the application of technology to practice. PDC ‘92: Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference. Cambridge MA USA: CPSR.
31. Daniel Pargman, Elina Eriksson, Mattias Höjer, Ulrika Gunnarsson Östling, and Luciane Aguilar Borges (2017). The (Un)sustainability of imagined future information societies. Proc. CHI 2017, 773-785.
32. Tony Salvador and Karen Howells (1998). Focus Troupe: Using drama to create common context for new product concept end-user evaluations." In Proceedings of CHI '98. Los Angeles: ACM.
33. Britta F. Schulte, Paul Marshall, and Anna L. Cox (2016). Homes for life: A design fiction probe. Proc. NordiCHI 2016, art. 80.
34. Mary Shelley (1818). Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones.
35. Michael Skirpan and Casey Fiesler (2018). Ad empathy: A design fiction. Proc. GROUP 2018, 267-273.
36. Marie Louise Juul Søndergaard and Lone Koefoed Hansen (2016). PeriodShare: A bloody design fiction. NordiCHI 2016.
37. Bruce Sterling (2009). Design fiction. Interactions 16(3), 20-24.
38. Jonathan Swift (1726). Gulliver's travels, or Travels into several remote nations of the world. In four parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships. Benjamin Motte.
39. Joshua Tanenbaum (2014). Design fictional interactions. Interactions 21(5), 22-23.
40. Joshua Tanenbaum, Marcel Pufal, and Karen Tanenbaum (2016). The limits of our imagination: Design fiction as a strategy for engaging with dystopian futures. Proc. LIMITS 2016.
41. Ron Wakkary, William Odom, Sabrina Hauser, Garnet Hertz, and Henry Lin (2015). Material speculation: Actual artifacts for critical inquiry. Proc. 5th Decennial Aarhus Conference on Critical Alternatives, 97-108.
42. Richmond Y. Wong, Deirdre K. Mulligan (2016). When a product is still fictional: Anticipating and speculating futures through concept videos. Proc. DIS 2016, 121-133.
43. Richmond Y. Wong, Deirdre K. Mulligan, Ellen Van Wyk, James Pierce, and John Chuang (2017). Eliciting values reflections by engaging privacy futures using design workbooks. PACM HCI 1(CSCW), art. 111.
Michael Muller has explored participatory methods for design fictions. He has worked in participatory design, organizational social media, grounded theory, and allyship for social justice. As program co-chair, he brought design fictions into the GROUP conference as archival contributions. He has co-led numerous workshops at CHI, CSCW, ECSCW, and GROUP conferences. ACM recognizes him as an ACM Distinguished Scientist; member, CHI Academy.
Jeffrey Bardzell is Professor Informatics and Director of HCI/Design in the School of Informatics and Computing at Indiana University - Bloomington. His research foci include research through design, user experience and aesthetics, and creativity and innovation, with particular emphases on critical design and design criticism. He is the co-author of Humanistic HCI (Morgan Claypool, 2015) and co-editor of Critical Theory and Interaction Design (MIT Press, 2018).
EunJeong Cheon is a Ph.D. candidate in HCI/ Design at Indiana University Bloomington. In terms of design fiction, she is interested in expanding roles of design fiction as a constructive, collaborative, and value-centered design research tool. She developed an empirical version of design fiction called futuristic autobiographies (FABs) and has used it as a value elicitation technique in various settings (e.g., interview study, collaborative design workshops).
Norman Makoto Su is an Assistant Professor in the School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering at Indiana University Bloomington. His research interests lie in HCI and CSCW. Integrating humanistic and empirical methods, his Authentic User Experience lab characterizes the relationship of technology with subcultures and designs systems to support their notion of authenticity. He has organized workshops at CHI 2019, GROUP 2018, and CSCW 2018.
Eric P. S. Baumer is Assistant Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at Lehigh University. His research focuses on interactions with AI and machine learning algorithms in the context of social computing systems. He has authored multiple papers on design fiction, served twice as the co-chair for the Design Fiction track at the ACM GROUP conference, and has co-organized four workshops at ACM conferences, one of which resulted in a related special issue of the journal First Monday.
Casey Fiesler is an assistant professor in the Department of Information Science at the University of Colorado Boulder. Much of her research focuses on technology governance, e.g., research ethics and ethics education, including the connection between ethics and creative speculation. She holds a PhD in Human Centered Computing from Georgia Tech and a JD from Vanderbilt Law School.
Ann Light is Professor of Design and Creative Technology, University of Sussex, UK, and Professor of Interaction Design, Social Change and Sustainability, Malmo University, Sweden, with a particular interest in creative practice for transformations to sustainability and many years using arts methodologies to engage publics in speculating about technology and futures.
Mark Blythe is Professor of Interdisciplinary Design at Northumbria University. He was abducted by aliens in 2015 and taken on a tour of their home world where he learned that the digital technologies we now enjoy were reverse engineered from the Roswell crash in 1947. The aliens told him that they were planning on suing the human race for copyright infringement and that we should expect to hear from their lawyers shortly.