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anterior teeth, but published studies reporting their effectiveness and use are sparse111 given the availability of more esthetic and easier-to-use alternatives. Preformed pediatric zirconia crowns are another option for esthetic full coronal coverage restoration.122 As they require a passive fit, the amount of tooth reduction is greater than that required for SSC (minimum of 1.5-2.0 mm), and technique for tooth preparation does vary significantly among different brands.123 Although a RCT with a follow-up of only six months suggests that zirconia crowns gave significantly better results than the others with regard to gingival health and crown fractures124, a systematic review on the topic125 concluded that due to the small number of RCTs on this topic and their risk of bias, future RCTs with better study design are required to compare differences between the different types of pediatric preformed zirconia crowns and between other esthetic treatment options. Recommendations: 1. There is expert opinion that suggests the use of resinbased composites as a treatment option for Class III and Class V restorations in the primary and permanent dentition. 2. There is expert opinion that suggests the use of RMGIC as a treatment option for Class III and Class V restorations for primary teeth, particularly in circumstances where adequate isolation of the tooth to be restored is difficult. 3. There is expert opinion that suggests that strip crowns, pre-veneered SSCs, preformed SSCs, and opened-face SSCs are a treatment option for full coronal coverage restorations in primary anterior teeth. References 1. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guidelines for pediatric restorative dentistry 1991. In: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Reference Manual 1991-1992. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 1991:57-9. 2. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on restorative dentistry. Pediatr Dent 2014;36(special issue): 230-41. 3. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on restorative dentistry. Pediatr Dent 2016;38(special issue): 250-62. 4. American Dental Association Center for Evidence-Based Dentistry. ADA Clinical Practice Guidelines Handbook, Update 2013. American Dental Association, Chicago, Ill. November 2013. Available at: “http://ebd.ada.org/~/ media/EBD/Files/ADA_Clinical_Practice_Guidelines_ Handbook-2013.ashx”. Accessed June 18, 2019. 5. Tinanoff N, Douglass JM. Clinical decision-making for caries management of primary teeth. J Dent Ed 2001;65 (10):1133-42. 6. Sheiham A. Impact of dental treatment on the incidence of dental caries in children and adults. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997;25(1):104-12. 7. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Caries-risk assessment and management for infants, children, and adolescents. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2019:221-6. 8. Urquhart O, Tampi MP, Pilcher L, et al. Nonrestorative treatments for caries: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Dent Res 2019;98(1):14-26. 9. National Institute of Health. Consensus Development Statement: Diagnosis and management of dental caries throughout life. NIH Consensus Statement. J Am Dent Assoc 2001;132(8):1153-61. 10. Nelson SJ. Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: WB Saunders; 2010. 11. Bader JD, Shugars DA. Understfanding dentists’ restorative treatment decisions. J Pub Health Dent 1992;52 (2):102-11. 12. Ismail AI, Sohn W, Tellez M, et al. The international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS): An integrated system for measuring dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007;35(3):170-8. 13. Beauchamp J, Caufield PW, Crall JJ, et al. Evidence-based clinical recommendations for the use of pit-and-fissure sealants: A report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139(3):257-68. 14. Downer MC, Azli NA, Bedi R, Moles DR, Setchell DJ. How long do routine dental restorations last? A systematic review. Brit Dent J 1999;187(8):432-9. References continued on the next page. BEST PRACTICES: RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY 348 THE REFERENCE MANUAL OF PEDIATRIC