Early Life and Education

                    Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan, born on 12 June 1965 in Edappadi, Salem District, developed a deep passion for animal care during his childhood. After completing his secondary education locally, he pursued veterinary studies at the prestigious Madras Veterinary College,Chennai, earning his Bachelor of Veterinary Science (B.V.Sc.) degree in 1989. 

             He began his career as a Veterinary Assistant Surgeon in the Tamil Nadu Animal Husbandry Department on 06 April 1990 and retired as Assistant Director on 30 June 2025. 

                     Over the years, Dr. Asokan has been widely recognized by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department, the Animal Husbandry Department, and the public—particularly through social media—for his pioneering work in wildlife veterinary science. Fondly known as “Dr. Krish,” the “Elephant Doctor,” and a “Snake Surgeon,” he has made groundbreaking contributions in wild elephant rescue, snake surgery, and critical care medicine across South India.

Activities :

           Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan held several pivotal field and administrative roles throughout his distinguished career. From 1996 to 2000, he served as a Wildlife Veterinarian at the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park, where he gained hands-on experience in elephant behavior, captive calf rearing, postmortem procedures, and frontline wildlife rescue.

               From 2011 to 2014, he served as Zoo Director of the V.O.C. Mini Zoological Park, Coimbatore Corporation, where he implemented major animal welfare initiatives, conducted surgeries on birds and reptiles, and spearheaded Tamil Nadu’s first artificial hatching program for snake eggs, leading to the successful release of over 1,000 hatchlings into the wild. He also organized more than 1,000 wildlife awareness programs, focusing on urban conservation and reptile safety. 

               Between 2016 and 2022, he was posted at the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, where he led critical wild elephant rescues, conducted over 140 elephant postmortems, and pioneered India's first radio telemetry transmitter study on Indian Rock Pythons, using gas anesthesia and advanced surgical techniques. These diverse assignments across forest divisions and zoological settings underscore his lifelong commitment to both captive and free-ranging wildlife conservation in Tamil Nadu State. 

Saving the Gentle Giants

                               The increasing man-animal conflict has significantly worsened the plight of elephants, who are dying at an alarming rate—most often due to human-related causes, often unintentional. Timely medical intervention can save many of these majestic animals, but treating them in the wild is easier said than done. The sheer size of elephants presents a formidable challenge for treatment. Additionally, the lack of specialized reference material on elephant medicine and behavior complicates veterinary efforts. Treating injured wild elephants is an especially difficult task, as their behavior is unpredictable and they cannot be easily restrained. According to field observations, injured elephants must be offered physical support when attempting to stand, and incorrect dosages of medication can lead to fatal outcomes. Cost is another major barrier. The expense involved in treating a wild elephant is significantly higher—often ten times the cost of treating domestic animals. In some critical cases, just the cost of medicines can range between Rs. 3 to 5 lakh, not including logistics, equipment, or manpower. Despite these challenges, timely treatment remains the only lifeline for many of these endangered pachyderms. 

General Character of Wild Elephants 

Wild elephants are highly intelligent and social animals. Females live in herds led by a matriarch, while males are usually solitary or in small bachelor groups. Mothers are extremely protective of calves and may charge if they sense danger. Elephants also have excellent memory and intelligence, recognizing humans, routes, and past experiences, which influences their reactions.

Their temperament varies; some remain calm, but bulls in musth or stressed females with calves can become aggressive. Body language is an important clue to their mood.

When ears are spread wide, it signals dominance or threat, while gently flapping ears indicate calmness. A trunk held up means alertness and smell detection, a swinging trunk shows relaxation, and a tightly curled trunk reflects anxiety. A direct stare with head high is a warning, head shaking shows irritation, and a lowered head with tusks forward often precedes a charge.

Tail movement also gives signals. Slow swishing shows relaxation, while a stiff or raised tail signals alertness or aggression. Stamping feet or pawing the ground shows agitation, while a stiff, motionless posture means high alert.

Elephants may perform mock charges, running a few steps, trumpeting, and stopping to warn intruders. A real charge is silent, with the head down, ears pinned back, and tail raised, which is extremely dangerous. Young elephants often play by running or pushing each other with trunks, while comfort signs like dust bathing, mud wallowing, or rubbing on trees show relaxation.

Special signs include musth in males, marked by temporal gland secretion and urine dribbling, which makes them unpredictable and aggressive. Mothers with calves remain extra alert, keeping their young behind them, and alarm calls like trumpeting or deep rumbles warn the herd of danger.

Reading these signals is vital for forest staff, veterinarians, and villagers near elephant habitats. Even a calm elephant can quickly turn aggressive if threatened, so careful observation and keeping a safe distance are always essential.

 Age of Elephants

Determining age in wild elephants is important for population studies and management.

• Calves (0–5 years): Small size, always close to mother, dependent on milk, playful.
  Juveniles (5–10 years): Larger body, begin feeding independently, still stay near herd.
  Sub-adults (10–15 years): Noticeable growth, males begin separating slowly from herd.
  Young Adults (15–25 years): Both sexes grow tusks, males begin showing dominance behavior.
  Prime Adults (25–40 years): Strong, dominant breeders, actively participate in reproduction.
  Older Adults (40–60 years): Larger but slower, worn teeth may affect feeding.
  Old Elephants (60+ years): Show decline in health, sunken temples, may die from starvation due to worn molars.
  Field methods to estimate age include body size, tusk length, head shape, and molar examination (in carcasses or captive elephants).

Sex Identification

Sexing elephants in the wild is possible by observing body features and behavior:

• Males (Bulls):
  Larger body and head with broad forehead.
  Long, thick tusks (though some Asian males may be tuskless, called makhnas).
  Genital opening between hind legs, sheath visible.
  More solitary or in bachelor groups.
  Females (Cows):
  Smaller body size, head more angular.
  Usually no tusks, or very small tusks (tushes) in some.
  Genital opening under tail, mammary glands between front legs (not under hind legs).
  Always in herds with calves and other females.
  Calves:
  Can be sexed by location of genital opening.
  Male calves show sheath between hind legs; females show opening below tail.
  Reproduction in Elephants

Elephants have the longest gestation period of any land mammal.

• Estrus Cycle: Female cycle lasts ~14–16 weeks, but fertile period is only 3–6 days.
  Mating Behavior: Males in musth (with temporal gland secretion and urine dribbling) are highly fertile and dominant. They travel long distances seeking receptive females.
  Gestation: Lasts 20–22 months (nearly 2 years). Usually only 1 calf is born, twins are extremely rare.
  Calving Interval: 4–6 years depending on food, health, and calf survival.
  lf Rearing: Calves nurse up to 2–3 years but may suckle longer; they are cared for not only by the mother but also by other females (allomothers) in the herd.
  Maturity:
  Females reach sexual maturity at 10–12 years.
  Males mature sexually by 12–15 years but may not breed until 25–30 years, when strong enough to compete with other bulls.

Stress in Wild Elephants

Wild elephants often face stress due to environmental and human-related pressures such as habitat loss, conflict with farmers, drought, poaching, or capture attempts.

Stress can be recognized through both behavior and physiology. Stressed elephants may show restlessness, continuous ear flapping, tail swishing, pacing, or aggressive behaviors like mock charges, trunk swinging, or tusk rubbing against trees. They may also engage in excessive dust throwing or mud splashing.

Physiological signs of stress include temporal gland secretions between the eye and ear, reduced feeding, altered social behavior, and elevated cortisol levels, which can be measured in dung, urine, or blood. Prolonged stress weakens immunity, reduces reproduction, and often increases aggression toward humans.

Body Condition of Wild Elephants

The body condition of wild elephants reflects their health and nutrition and is commonly assessed using a body condition score (BCS) ranging from 1 to 5.

• BCS 1 – Very Thin: Visible ribs, sunken temples, sharp spine, protruding pelvic bones.
  BCS 2 – Thin: Some ribs visible, slight depression at temple, pelvic bones noticeable.
  BCS 3 – Healthy: Smooth curves, filled temporal areas, no visible ribs, rounded spine and pelvis (ideal).
  BCS 4 – Fat: Fat deposits and folds near tail base, ribs and pelvis not felt.
  BCS 5 – Obese: Heavy fat deposits around face, neck, and tail base, may affect mobility.
  Field assessments usually focus on the head, spine, pelvis, and ribs to determine condition.

Importance in Conservation and Rescue

Understanding stress signs and body condition is vital in elephant conservation and rescue work. Stress monitoring helps identify when elephants are under human or environmental pressure, allowing authorities to reduce disturbance and protect migration corridors.

Assessing body condition is especially useful during drought, rescue, or rehabilitation, as it guides feeding and healthcare decisions. Together, these tools provide valuable insight into the welfare and long-term survival of wild elephant populations.

The Elephant Spelist (Doctor) of Tamil Nadu State: A Life Devoted to the Wild Animals

                      Dr. K. Asokan’s efforts in rescuing and rehabilitating wild elephants have been both arduous and profoundly impactful, often involving life-threatening situations and demanding conditions. His interventions begin with immediate first aid and extend to long-term care aimed at reintegrating the animals into their natural habitats. Among his most notable rescues is that of Makhna (Moorthy), a severely injured elephant treated for a full year from 1998 to 2000, who later lived peacefully until his death in 2023. In 1998, Dr. Asokan saved an electrocuted elephant in the Karamadai Reserve Forest through swift emergency care.

                    On February 14, 2018, he led the revival and reunion of a critically ill elephant calf with its mother in Sathyamangalam Forest—a moment remembered for the emotional response of the mother elephant. His resourcefulness was further demonstrated in Kadambur in 2018, where he helped rescue three elephants trapped in a 20-foot-deep abandoned well by directing the excavation of an escape path. Other major rescues include a 10-year-old elephant from a 70-foot-deep well in Periyanaickenpalayam (2017), a 15-year-old female from a marsh near Bhavanisagar Dam, and a 12-year-old elephant from the dam’s backwater area. He also rescued a 10-day-old orphaned calf in Sirumugai in 2016, later sent to Mudumalai, and in another operation in 2017, treated and released a 22-year-old female elephant and her calf after 26 hours of intensive care. These rescues highlight Dr. Asokan’s quick action, deep understanding of elephant behavior, and unwavering dedication to wildlife protection.

Elephant Translocation and Conflict Mitigation

              Between 2016 and 2022, Dr. K. Asokan played a vital role in the translocation of several wild elephants across Tamil Nadu, aiming to reduce human-wildlife conflict and ensure the safety of both people and animals. His operations included relocating five elephants to the Mudumalai and Anamalai Tiger Reserves and one from Hosur to the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve. Notable among these was the successful tranquilization and relocation of a wild tusker from Coimbatore on June 2, 2017, within six hours, after it was linked to four human fatalities.

                On December 18, 2018, the elephant Vinayaga was moved to Mudumalai, followed by two high-profile translocations of the infamous elephant Chinnathambi to Anamalai on January 25 and February 15, 2019. On June 11, 2020, a wild male elephant was relocated from Hosur to Sathyamangalam, and on February 12, 2021, after a prolonged two-month operation, a tusker named Shankar—responsible for three human deaths—was carefully shifted from Gudalur to Mudumalai. Dr. Asokan’s humane translocation methods included the strategic use of trained ‘kunkis’ (tame elephants) to calm wild elephants during capture and relocation. He emphasized scientific, ethical approaches involving community cooperation and research-based planning. A significant innovation under his leadership was the deployment of a custom-designed wildlife ambulance equipped with a hydraulic lift and capacity for 20 personnel, which revolutionized emergency wildlife handling in the field.

Orphaned Elephant Calf Rehabilitation

             Dr. K. Asokan has shown extraordinary dedication in the rearing and rehabilitation of orphaned wild elephant calves, a task requiring not only clinical expertise but also compassion and long-term commitment. Between 2016 and 2022, he successfully rehabilitated ten orphaned calves, ensuring their survival and eventual reintegration into the wild. One memorable case involved a critically ill calf found nearly lifeless in Sathyamangalam Forest, which he stabilized and later reunited with its mother. His early years at Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (1996–2000) laid a strong foundation for this work. During that time, he weaned two captive-born calves and compiled over a century’s worth of data on elephant births under the guidance of Dr. V. Krishnamurthy.

             The studbook, maintained by Dr. Asokan, documented 226 elephant births between 1886 and 2000, offering vital insights such as a sex ratio of 119 males to 107 females and confirming the absence of a fixed breeding season. His approach to calf care involves early stabilization, nutrition planning, social behavior assessment, and meticulous recordkeeping. While many veterinary students shy away from the physical and emotional demands of wildlife care, Dr. Asokan finds the work deeply rewarding, especially when animal behavior is well understood and respected.

The Rescue of Bommi (Oscar Winning Documentry

           Among the nearly 20 orphaned calves Dr. Asokan has cared for, one stands out—Ammu, later renamed Bommi, who was featured in the Oscar-winning documentary The Elephant Whisperers (2023). Bommi was initially rescued in critical condition and stabilized under Dr. Asokan’s care at the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve before being transferred to Theppakadu Elephant Camp in Mudumalai. Her survival and integration into a new elephant family became a symbol of successful conservation, and Dr. Asokan’s role in that early rescue was critical. This story not only reflects his veterinary skill but also the emotional depth and ecological importance of his work, which continues to inspire a new generation of wildlife veterinarians and conservationists in India.

            Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan, along with his veterinary team, personally led over 50 wild elephant rescues, reared more than 20 orphaned calves, and performed over 300 wild animals postmortems—often in remote forests and conflict-prone agricultural zones. His approach emphasized emergency field stabilization, blending clinical expertise with a deep understanding of elephant behavior. 

Factors Affecting Survival of Sick Wild Elephants Without Medical Intervention 

The survival of a sick wild elephant in its natural forest habitat without treatment depends on several crucial factors. Elephants with minor ailments, such as digestive issues or superficial wounds, may survive for several weeks if they can move and access water and food. However, those suffering from serious conditions like sepsis, fractures, gunshot wounds, or organ failure typically survive only 2 to 5 days, sometimes less. Mobility plays a vital role: if the elephant can still stand and move slowly, it may live between 5 and 15 days, especially when water and food are available. Conversely, if it becomes recumbent and immobile, survival usually lasts only 24 to 72 hours due to complications such as muscle damage, respiratory distress, and organ failure. Age and general health also influence outcomes, with younger, stronger elephants enduring longer, while older or weakened individuals often succumb rapidly, especially in harsh summer conditions. Environmental factors like extreme heat and water scarcity further reduce survival time. Additionally, immobile elephants face increased risks from scavengers and maggot infestations in untreated wounds, hastening decline. During the rainy season the healing process is very slow The skin of elephant is an inch thick normally it takes about for a wound to heal. The same takes six months during the monsoons. In many cases injured elephant die because no serious effort is taken to save them. As a result they have become endangered if treated properly the population can be sustained. Sick or weakened wild elephants are most often observed near waterholes, as these animals tend to remain close to water sources when they are unable to walk long distances. In many cases, these waterholes may contain contaminated or stagnant water, which can further worsen the elephant’s condition by causing infections or digestive problems. Severely ill elephants are sometimes seen leaning against trees for support to avoid collapsing, a clear indication of physical distress and fatigue. Field observations have shown that a significant number of elephant carcasses are found within a 1 to 5 km radius of human settlements, suggesting a link between illness and proximity to human-dominated landscapes. As natural food sources become scarce due to habitat loss and fragmentation, many elephants are forced to change their feeding behavior, increasingly turning into crop raiders. This shift not only raises the risk of conflict with humans but also exposes elephants to injuries from retaliatory actions, electrocution, or poisoning. These patterns highlight the urgent need for habitat restoration, safe water management, and proactive conflict mitigation to protect the health and survival of wild elephants. Field experience shows that timely veterinary care—such as that provided by Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan—can greatly improve survival chances. Early intervention has enabled some elephants to recover fully within weeks, underscoring the critical importance of rapid response and proper wildlife rescue protocols. 

Elephant Behavior During Treatment 

Wild elephants undergoing medical treatment often display a wide range of behaviors influenced by pain, stress, fear, and their natural instincts. Understanding these behavioral responses is critical for ensuring the safety of both the elephant and the treatment team. Injured elephants may become restless, defensive, or even aggressive, especially if they perceive humans as a threat. Common signs include constant ear flapping, tail swishing, loud trumpeting, and attempts to move away or charge. Some elephants may attempt mock charges to intimidate the veterinary team, while others may remain silent but exhibit subtle signs of distress such as trunk curling, head shaking, or shifting weight from one foot to another. Pain and discomfort can heighten their sensitivity to touch and sound, making them unpredictable during procedures. In some cases, elephants may allow treatment if immobilized or sedated, but once the effect wears off, their behavior can shift rapidly. Orphaned calves, especially if rescued early, may exhibit fear followed by attachment behaviors, such as staying close to caregivers. Adult females with calves are especially protective and may become aggressive if separated. The presence of familiar forest staff, calm and confident handling, and minimal noise and movement can help reduce stress levels. Using trained "kumki" elephants during treatment and rescue operations can also help calm the patient elephant. Overall, patience, careful observation, and expert interpretation of body language are key to managing elephant behavior during treatment in the wild. 

Understanding Mock vs. Real Charges in Wild Elephants: 

A Safety Guide for Field Treatment When working in close proximity to wild elephants—especially during medical interventions— recognizing the difference between a mock charge and a real charge is vital for safety. Elephants, under stress or feeling threatened, may exhibit aggressive behaviors. Correct interpretation of their body language can prevent injury and allow for safer treatment outcomes. Recognizing the difference between a mock charge and a real charge is essential for safety during wild elephant encounters, especially in treatment situations where the animal may already be stressed. A mock charge is typically a warning intended to intimidate rather than harm, often involving loud trumpeting, dust throwing, ear flapping, and a loosely hanging trunk. The elephant may charge partway and then stop abruptly. In contrast, a real charge is a deliberate, high-speed attack with ears pinned back, trunk curled inward, and minimal noise—signaling serious intent to harm. Understanding these signals allows responders to make quick, informed decisions. In the case of a mock charge, standing still, appearing confident, and using loud, assertive commands can deter the elephant. Running is discouraged, as it may provoke pursuit. Field treatment environments are particularly sensitive, as pain, fear, and the presence of humans can heighten defensive behavior. Therefore, maintaining a safe distance, observing behavior cues, and following the guidance of trained wildlife professionals are crucial for ensuring both human safety and successful elephant care. 

Notable Wild Elephant Rescues 1996-2022 

In 12-07-1998, the Tamil Nadu Forest Department undertook a major operation to capture a tuskless male elephant (Makhna) named Moorthy in the Nilgiris, after repeated complaints of crop raids and human-elephant conflict. The operation was conducted in the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and marked one of the earliest and most challenging elephant capture missions in the region. Dr. K. Asokan, then serving as the forest veterinarian at Theppakadu Elephant Camp, played a pivotal role in the mission. The capture took place during the rainy season, further complicating the logistics. Moorthy had sustained more than 15 gunshot wounds, with multiple injuries across his body, allegedly inflicted by poachers and farmers across the Kerala border. Treating open wounds in elephants is notoriously difficult due to their thick skin and poor healing capacity. Dr. Asokan administered a rigorous regimen of antibiotics and performed regular wound dressings, providing continuous medical attention. 

The treatment spanned over a year and incurred costs exceeding ₹3,00,000. Despite limited resources, Dr. Asokan’s unwavering commitment ensured Moorthy's recovery and stability. Moorthy remained at the Theppakadu Camp until his death in 2023, becoming one of the camp’s most iconic elephants. The case highlighted not just the cruelty of human-elephant conflict but also the resilience and dedication of forest veterinarians. During a visit to Mudumalai, then Union Minister for Environment and Forests, Smt. Maneka Gandhi personally appreciated the efforts of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department and commended Dr. Asokan and his team for their exemplary care and commitment in treating Moorthy. The Moorthy case became a defining chapter in Dr. Asokan’s wildlife service, laying the foundation for his legacy as India’s foremost “Elephant Doctor.” 

The 68-year-old wild makhna (tuskless male) elephant, later named Moorthy, had reportedly attacked and killed 23 people in Kerala before 1998, leading the then Kerala Chief Wildlife Warden to issue a shooting order against him. After crossing into Tamil Nadu, he killed two more people, prompting the Tamil Nadu Chief Wildlife Warden to order his capture. Measuring an impressive 9.5 meters in length and weighing over 4.5 tonnes, Moorthy was a truly formidable animal. During the capture operation, we found he had sustained more than 15 bullet wounds, allegedly inflicted by farmers and poachers in Kerala. Once tamed, however, Moorthy underwent a remarkable transformation in temperament. He was eventually trained as a ‘kumki’ elephant, assisting forest officials in capturing and guiding wild elephants that strayed into human settlements. 

Wild Elephant Rescue from Electric Shock In 1998, another remarkable wildlife rescue operation took place in the Karamadai Forest area of the Coimbatore Division. A female wild elephant, while grazing with her calf in a sugarcane field, suffered a severe electric shock from an illegal electric fence. The shock caused her to collapse on the spot, and she lay struggling for life. The calf, fortunately unharmed, was safely secured by another group of elephants nearby. The wildlife veterinary rescue team, led by Dr. K. Asokan, arrived at the scene around 6 PM. Despite the chilling weather and fading light, the team initiated emergency treatment, working tirelessly into the night. The operation continued until midnight. The elephant was given intravenous fluids, anti-shock medication, and external stimulation, including leg massage using dry grass. With assistance from a JCP (earthmover), the elephant was gradually lifted into a standing position. After hours of effort, the elephant regained normal posture and behavior. As dawn approached, she walked steadily back into the forest and was successfully reunited with her calf. The team monitored her condition for 10 consecutive days to ensure her complete recovery. This rescue stands as one of the most successful and celebrated wild elephant recovery operations in Tamil Nadu State history, demonstrating the impact of coordinated field response, veterinary skill, and deep commitment to wildlife welfare. 

1997 – Emergency Treatment of an Injured Kerala State Tusker

In 1997, a majestic tusker from Kerala, suffering from severe injuries and a life-threatening septicemia infection, collapsed while being transported from Gudalur to Kerala. The situation was critical, requiring immediate and intensive veterinary intervention. Dr. K. Asokan, with his expertise and quick decision-making, initiated emergency treatment on-site. Over a continuous 48-hour period, he administered antibiotics, fluid therapy, wound management, and supportive care, closely monitoring the animal’s vital signs. Against all odds, the tusker’s condition stabilized, and it regained strength to stand and walk. Once recovered, the elephant was safely returned to Kerala, marking a remarkable success in wildlife veterinary care and a testament to Dr. Asokan’s dedication to saving endangered animals. 

Veterinary Medical Miracle – Kadambur Forest Division

In the Kadambur Forest Division, near agricultural fields, a critically ill elephant calf was found in a near-death state, with its mother standing protectively nearby and initially preventing anyone from approaching. Dr. K. Asokan and his veterinary team carefully gained the trust of the mother, who eventually allowed them to treat the calf. The young elephant was in severe shock with subnormal body temperature, and its veins were extremely difficult to locate for intravenous therapy. Using an innovative method to identify the vein, the team administered life-saving fluids and medicines, providing continuous treatment day and night. After 36 hours of intensive care, the calf regained strength, stood up, and was joyfully reunited with its mother—an extraordinary success in field veterinary medicine and a testament to skill, patience, and compassion. 

Notable Wild Elephant Rescues 2016-2022

 Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan has played a vital role in numerous wild elephant rescues across Tamil Nadu, demonstrating exceptional dedication, compassion, and expertise. On February 14, 2018, in Sathyamangalam Forest, he successfully treated a critically weak elephant calf that was 80% near death. After two days of intensive medical care, the calf was reunited with its mother, who expressed clear signs of affection and gratitude, symbolizing the emotional depth of human wildlife bonds. In June 2018, in the Kadambur area of the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, three female elephants, including a four-year-old calf, fell into a 20-foot-deep abandoned well. Dr. Asokan coordinated with forest officials to dig a channel using an earthmover, allowing all three elephants to escape safely. In 2017, he was instrumental in rescuing a 10-year-old male elephant trapped in a 70-foot dry well in Periyanaickenpalayam Range, Coimbatore, through 120 hours of continuous treatment. That same year, he rescued a 15-year-old female elephant stuck in a 7 foot marsh near Bhavanisagar dam and a 12-year-old female from the Bhavanisagar backwaters. In Sirumugai Reserve Forest, he also rescued a 10-day-old orphaned male calf in October 2016, which was later rehabilitated at Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. Further more, in 2017, he treated a 22 year-old female elephant and her one-year-old calf for 26 hours before safely releasing them back into the wild. These rescues highlight Dr. Asokan’s unwavering commitment to saving wildlife under challenging field conditions, often risking his own safety to ensure the survival and well-being of these majestic animals. 

Wild Elephant Translocation Between 2016 and 2022,

 Dr. K. Asokan led a series of high-risk and expertly coordinated wild elephant translocation operations across Tamil Nadu to manage rising human-elephant conflicts. These efforts involved the safe capture, tranquilization, and relocation of several wild elephants from conflict zones to protected forest areas such as Coimbatore Forest Division, and Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserves. On 02 June 2017, Dr. Asokan successfully tranquilized and relocated a problematic tusker in Coimbatore, which had caused four human fatalities, within six hours. On 18 December 2018, the well-known wild elephant Vinayaga was relocated to Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. In January and February 2019, he managed two translocations of Chinnathambi, a wild male elephant moved to Anamalai Tiger Reserve after it repeatedly entered human settlements. On 11 June 2020, a male elephant from Hosur Forest Division was relocated to Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve. One of the most challenging cases occurred on 12 February 2021, involving Shankar, a 20-year-old tusker responsible for three human deaths. After a two month tracking operation near Gudalur in the Nilgiris, Dr. Asokan's team safely tranquilized and transported Shankar to Mudumalai Tiger Reserve using well-planned, stress-reducing capture techniques. Dr. Asokan emphasizes the use of trained ‘kunkis’ (tame elephants) to assist in such operations, which significantly increases safety and success rates. His leadership in these critical operations showcases his deep understanding of elephant behavior, field medicine, and conflict mitigation, setting high standards for ethical and scientific wildlife management in India. 

Can an Elephant Survive in the Wild Without Its Trunk?

 An elephant's trunk is essential for its survival in the wild, functioning as a nose, hand, and vital tool for feeding, drinking, and communication. Without it, an elephant faces severe challenges, including difficulty in gathering food, drinking water, breathing, and interacting with its herd. The trunk also plays a crucial role in social bonding, sensing danger, and cooling the body by spraying water or dust. In rare cases, elephants with partial trunk injuries may adapt with time or survive in captivity under human care. 

Important Finding: Wild Elephant Survives with 70% Trunk Loss :

 A Rare Case of Adaptation and Resilience For example, in 2018, a female adult elephant in the Erode Forest Division survived with 70% partial trunk loss. She lived more than two years in the wild with the support and protection of her herd, demonstrating exceptional resilience. In an extraordinary and rare case documented by Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan, a wild elephant managed to survive for over two years despite having lost approximately 70% of its trunk—a condition that is typically fatal in the wild. The trunk is an essential organ for elephants, enabling them to feed, drink, communicate, and defend themselves. In most cases, severe trunk injuries caused by snares, electric fencing, or explosive traps result in malnutrition, dehydration, social isolation, and eventually death. However, this particular elephant demonstrated remarkable adaptability, using the remaining portion of its trunk to access water and feed on soft vegetation. Continuous veterinary monitoring, supplemented with field-based support, allowed the elephant to maintain body condition and mobility. This survival case emphasizes not only the resilience of wild elephants but also the critical role of timely veterinary intervention, monitoring, and habitat support in enhancing their chances of survival after traumatic injuries. It also underscores the importance of regulating man-made hazards in elephant habitats to prevent such debilitating injuries in the first place. 

While serving at Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary & National Park from 1996 to 2000, Dr. Asokan not only supervised the weaning of two captive elephant calves at two years of age but also recorded and maintained an extensive elephant studbook. This document, based on over 100 years of data collected with guidance from Dr. V. Krishnamurthy, detailed 226 elephant calf births between 1886 and 2000, with a recorded sex ratio of 119 males to 107 females. The data revealed that female elephants could give birth to as many as 12 calves in their lifetime and that elephants do not exhibit a distinct breeding season. Dr. Asokan’s dual role as both caregiver and scientific documentarian has enriched elephant conservation efforts by linking practical veterinary experience with valuable long-term reproductive and behavioral data

Challenging Yet Rewarding Work 

(Oscar-winning documentary "Elephant Whisperers.)

On 2nd October 2019, a one-month-old wild female elephant calf was rescued from the Hasanur Forest Division. Severely debilitated, the calf—later named Ammu—was found with a distended abdomen and in a fragile state. Upon arrival at the Forest Veterinary Unit under Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan’s care, a detailed clinical assessment revealed significant gastrointestinal distress. Enema administration helped expel a large accumulation of stones from the faecal material, a condition likely caused by geophagia due to malnutrition or maternal deprivation. Ammu was immediately placed under intensive supportive care, including fluid therapy, multivitamins, probiotics, and gradual refeeding with artificial milk substitutes. Round-the-clock monitoring ensured her recovery was carefully guided through each stage of stabilization.

Thanks to the dedicated veterinary intervention, Ammu regained strength and health within weeks. Once stabilized, she was transferred to the Theppakadu Elephant Camp in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve for continued care and socialization with other elephants.

Renamed Bommi, the calf would go on to gain international recognition in 2023 as the star of the Oscar-winning documentary "The Elephant Whisperers", symbolizing hope, human-animal compassion, and the profound impact of timely wildlife veterinary intervention.

Hydraulic Ambulance for Elephants – A First in Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve

At the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, a specialized hydraulic ambulance was introduced for the safe transport of injured or distressed elephants—a pioneering initiative in Tamil Nadu forest veterinary care. This custom-designed vehicle, equipped with a hydraulic ramp and winch system, was developed to reduce the stress and risk involved in relocating large wild animals, especially elephants that are sick, injured, or immobilized. Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan played a key role in its implementation and usage during several critical rescue and rehabilitation missions. The ambulance allows for smooth and humane loading and unloading of elephants, minimizing physical strain and enabling timely veterinary intervention in remote forest areas. This innovation significantly enhanced the response capacity of the Forest Veterinary Unit, setting a new standard for large-animal emergency transport in India. 

Wildlife Toxicology and Post-mortem Insights - Contributions to Wildlife Health and Conservation

• Through postmortem investigations, Dr. Asokan uncovered brutal wildlife killing methods such as explosives hidden in food, nails embedded in bait boxes, and wire snares. These cruel tactics highlighted the urgent need for stronger anti-poaching measures and increased public awareness to protect vulnerable species. 

Dr.Krishnamoorthy Asokan’s expertise in wildlife toxicology and postmortem analysis has played a crucial role in understanding the health challenges faced by wild elephants and other forest-dwelling species in Tamil Nadu. Over 15 years, he conducted more than 300 postmortem examinations, including over 140 during his tenure at the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve alone. His investigations revealed a range of causes of mortality, including human-induced threats such as poisoning, snaring, gunshot wounds, and electrocution. He was the first to diagnose hemorrhagic septicemia in wild elephants in Tamil Nadu and identified four types of tapeworms affecting both wild and captive elephants. 

His research also exposed the impact of environmental contaminants and plastic pollution, including plastic ingestion in deer, which contributed to the implementation of a plastic bag ban in the Nilgiris Biosphere. Dr. Asokan documented over 50 cases of elephants and Indian Gaurs, Leopards, Peacock, Vultures affected by emerging toxins due to agricultural encroachment. His postmortem findings also uncovered disturbing methods of wildlife killing, such as the use of explosives and nails embedded in bait. These revelations led to policy changes and reinforced the importance of habitat protection, responsible waste management, and scientific intervention in wildlife conservation. Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan made the first confirmed diagnosis of hemorrhagic septicemia in wild elephants in Tamil Nadu, significantly advancing elephant disease management in the region. He also identified four distinct species of tapeworms affecting both wild and captive elephants, contributing to parasitological knowledge. His documentation of over 50 wildlife poisoning cases—many linked to agricultural runoff and pesticide exposure—has informed toxicology protocols and raised environmental awareness. His research on plastic ingestion in herbivores played a key role in influencing the ban on plastic bags in sensitive forest areas. Furthermore, his field-based data have supported several state-level policies addressing human-wildlife conflict and environmental toxicology.

Poisoning  Case Recorded - Organophosphorus Poisoning in Wild Elephant – Tamil Nadu, 1998

During Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan’s tenure at the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary & National Park (1996–2000), a significant and tragic incident marked a turning point in wildlife toxicology in Tamil Nadu. In 1998, a 13-year-old female wild elephant was found dead under suspicious circumstances. Dr. Asokan conducted the post-mortem examination and promptly collected and submitted visceral samples to the Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Coimbatore. The lab report (Ref: RT2784/98 Tox.C/98, dated 07-08-1998) confirmed the presence of organophosphorus compounds in all tested samples. This was the first scientifically documented case of organophosphorus poisoning in a wild elephant in Tamil Nadu, highlighting the growing threat of agrochemical exposure to wildlife. Dr. Asokan’s detailed investigation and early reporting laid the foundation for future awareness and research into chemical-related wildlife mortality. 

Supporting Literature and References: 

Wild Animal Poisoning and Pesticide-Linked Deaths Numerous articles and reports published by reputable institutions ,Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan’s critical findings on wildlife deaths caused by pesticide poisoning and internal organ damage. The report "God in Distress" by the Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI) highlights several cases of intentional and accidental poisoning of elephants and carnivores using agricultural chemicals. Similarly, "A Note on Wildlife Poisoning Cases from Kerala, South India" documents incidents where elephants and other wild animals succumbed to pesticide-laced food and water sources near farmlands. The Wildlife Trust of India’s report "Poison and the Pachyderm" details how elephants affected by human-wildlife conflict are often victims of toxic substances such as organophosphates, leading to internal hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, and liver necrosis—findings that match Dr. Asokan’s postmortem observations. The textbook "Veterinary Toxicology" by Dr. Satish K. Garg provides detailed insights into the toxic effects of pesticides like carbamates and organochlorines, reinforcing the pathological evidence seen in affected wildlife. Additionally, the publication "From Ganesha to Bin Laden" examines human elephant conflict in Assam’s Sonitpur district and illustrates how retaliatory poisonings are a growing threat to elephant populations. Collectively, these sources confirm the alarming impact of pesticide exposure on wild animals and support the urgent need for regulation, awareness, and preventive conservation measures. 

Cirrhosis of the liver has been identified as a cause of death in elephants, particularly in the Coimbatore ,Erode District of Tamil Nadu, India. Several elephants, including a tusker, have been found dead with liver disease, and post-mortem examinations have revealed nodules on the liver, with some carcasses showing empty stomachs and lack of recent feeding. In one case, a seven-year-old elephant calf in Assam was also found to have died from liver cirrhosis after being treated for the condition at Kaziranga National Park.  

Cerebral edema in elephants,  In a tragic incident, a wild elephant calf accidentally fell into a 60-feet-deep open well in a forest-fringe area. Despite immediate rescue efforts by the Forest Department and veterinary team, the calf could not survive. A post-mortem examination was conducted by Dr. Krish Asokan and his team, which revealed signs of severe cerebral edema—a condition characterized by swelling of the brain due to fluid accumulation. The cause was attributed to traumatic brain injury sustained during the fall. The post-mortem also showed congestion in brain tissues, along with internal hemorrhage and blunt force trauma, consistent with the impact. This case highlights the serious threats posed by unprotected open wells in forest-adjacent areas and the urgent need for mitigation measures to prevent such fatal accidents involving wildlife. 

A post-mortem examination conducted by Dr. K. Asokan on a wild elephant revealed that the animal had died due to severe injuries caused by a snare. The wire had cut deep into the flesh, leading to intense pain, severe infection, and eventual death. This tragic case highlighted the cruelty of illegal snaring and the urgent need for stronger anti-poaching measures to protect wild elephants. 

In recent years, plastic pollution has emerged as a major threat to wild animals, especially herbivores such as elephants, gaurs, and deer, which often forage near human habitations and garbage dumps. Several post-mortem examinations conducted by Dr. Krish Asokan between 1996 and 2024 revealed the presence of large quantities of plastic materials in the rumen and other compartments of the four-chambered stomach of wild herbivores. In many cases, plastic ingestion led to intestinal blockage, gas accumulation, severe inflammation (rumenitis), malnutrition, and ultimately death. The animals suffer silently over weeks or months, unable to digest food or absorb nutrients. These findings highlight the urgent need for strict waste management, awareness among local communities, and the implementation of plastic-free buffer zones around forest areas to protect wildlife from preventable suffering and mortality.

Tapeworm Infection in Wild Elephants (Cestodiasis) is a parasitic condition caused by cestodes (tapeworms), particularly of the Taenia or related genera. In wild elephants, infection typically occurs through the accidental ingestion of tapeworm eggs or intermediate hosts (such as mites or small invertebrates) while grazing. The adult tapeworms attach to the small intestinal mucosa, where they absorb nutrients directly from the host. Although most cases are asymptomatic, heavy infestations can lead to digestive issues, weight loss, poor body condition, and nutritional deficiencies, especially in calves and immunocompromised animals. Fecal examinations during post-mortem or field studies may reveal tapeworm segments (proglottids) or eggs. In wild populations, treatment is not feasible on a large scale; therefore, monitoring health, managing habitat quality, and ensuring adequate forage availability are critical to maintaining resistance and reducing parasitic load naturally. In some managed reserves or rehabilitation centers, targeted deworming using Praziquantel or Niclosamide may be administered under veterinary care 

Deadly Tape Worm, Liver Worm  Infections in Elephants: A Rare but Lethal Threat :

While intestinal worm infestations are commonly observed in both wild and captive elephants, they are generally not considered a direct cause of death. However, a rare and specific species of tapeworm has been identified as a potential exception. Elephants infected with this particular tapeworm exhibit severe clinical signs, including continuous running, restlessness, and loud vocalizations, all of which indicate extreme abdominal pain. These symptoms serve as important diagnostic indicators of a potentially fatal gastrointestinal condition. In some of these cases, a ruptured caecum has been documented as the immediate cause of death. Although caecal rupture is a grave condition, it is not directly caused by the tapeworm itself; rather, it may result from factors such as intestinal blockage, secondary infections, or trauma, possibly worsened by the animal’s weakened state due to the parasitic burden. The first documented case of this deadly tapeworm infection in elephants was recorded by a wildlife veterinarian at the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park between 1996 and 2000. This finding underscores the critical importance of field-level veterinary surveillance in understanding emerging wildlife diseases and their impacts on elephant health. 

Gastrointestinal worm-related mortality in wild elephants is generally very low, as these animals often maintain a natural balance with their environment and parasite load. However, such infections are more commonly observed and more severe in captive elephants, where factors like limited space, reduced mobility, contaminated enclosures, and restricted access to clean water can increase the risk of heavy parasitic burden. Elephants are susceptible to various gastrointestinal parasites, including nematodes (e.g., Ancylostomidae), trematodes (Protofasciola robusta), cestodes (Anoplocephala manubriata), and dipteran larvae like Cobboldia elephantis. These parasites can cause inflammation, tissue damage, anemia, weight loss, and digestive disturbances. In extreme cases, especially in stressed or immunocompromised captive elephants, these infestations may even lead to death. Therefore, regular deworming, faecal examinations, and hygienic enclosure management are vital to controlling parasitic diseases in captive elephant populations. 

Stomach Bots: Cobboldia elephantis is a species of bot fly whose larvae infest the stomach of Asian elephants. These parasitic larvae can cause severe irritation and gastric disturbances, especially during periods of starvation or when the stomach is empty. In chronic or heavy infestations, they may lead to ulceration, secondary infections, internal bleeding, or even death— particularly in weakened, malnourished, or immunocompromised elephants. Both wild and captive elephants are at risk, making early diagnosis and deworming crucial for prevention. 

Human–Wild Animal Conflict Mitigation

Human–wild animal conflict is a growing challenge in areas where human settlements and agricultural lands overlap with wildlife habitats. To mitigate such conflicts, a combination of proactive and responsive measures is essential. Key strategies include habitat management, constructing physical barriers like solar-powered electric fences or trenches, early warning systems, and promoting community-based conflict response teams. Livelihood support for affected communities, timely compensation for crop and livestock losses, and awareness programs also play a critical role. Additionally, sterilization and vaccination of free-ranging dogs, proper waste management, and regulated grazing help reduce indirect conflict triggers. Effective conflict mitigation requires collaboration between forest departments, local communities, and other stakeholders to ensure the safety of both people and wildlife while promoting coexistence.

saving elephants takes a lot of effort some ask why we should save them at all

Saving elephants requires immense effort, resources, and commitment—from conducting risky rescue operations in remote forests to treating severe injuries, managing human-wildlife conflict, and ensuring long-term rehabilitation. Understandably, some may question why we should invest so much in saving them. But elephants are not just charismatic animals—they are ecological engineers vital to the survival of entire ecosystems. A single elephant can disperse seeds that grow up to 30,000 trees every year, helping regenerate forests, store carbon, and combat climate change.

By digging for water during droughts, they create watering holes used by countless other species. Their presence maintains the health and diversity of India’s forest landscapes.Beyond ecology, elephants are deeply rooted in India’s cultural, religious, and historical identity, symbolizing wisdom, strength, and good fortune. They also support ecotourism, generating income and jobs for local communities. Letting them disappear would not only be a biological loss, but a cultural and environmental tragedy. In truth, saving elephants isn’t just about protecting one species—it’s about preserving the balance of nature, ensuring biodiversity, and safeguarding the future of our planet.

Wildlife Veterinarian extraordinary contribution to biodiversity through elephant conservation:

Each wild elephant contributes significantly to forest regeneration by dispersing seeds that can lead to the growth of up to 36,500 trees per year. By rescuing and rehabilitating over 50 wild elephants, Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan has indirectly facilitated the growth of more than 1.8 million trees annually. His efforts have played a crucial role in sustaining forest ecosystems, enhancing biodiversity, and mitigating climate change. Dr. Asokan’s work exemplifies how protecting a single species can generate a powerful and lasting impact on the entire environment.

 Impact of Veterinary Medicine on Wildlife Conservation

Veterinary medicine plays a crucial role in wildlife conservation by ensuring the health and survival of wild animals, controlling disease outbreaks, and supporting the protection of endangered species. Wildlife veterinarians diagnose and treat injuries, perform complex surgeries, manage infectious diseases, and rehabilitate orphaned or displaced animals for reintroduction into their natural habitats. They are key players in breeding programs, translocations, and rewilding efforts, using advanced techniques like anesthesia, diagnostics, and radiology even in challenging field conditions.

Veterinary research also identifies emerging threats such as zoonotic diseases, toxins, and environmental stressors, guiding conservation policy and public health strategies. One outstanding example of this vital role is Dr. Krish Asokan, whose work in India has had a transformative impact on both elephant and snake conservation. Over his decades-long career, he has rescued and rehabilitated numerous wild elephants—including the orphaned calf Ammu (Bommi), featured in the Oscar-winning documentary The Elephant Whisperers—saving over 30 elephant lives and addressing human-elephant conflict. A pioneer in reptile medicine, Dr. Asokan performed India’s first known cancer surgery on a cobra, conducted life-saving treatments on various snake species, and led a groundbreaking telemetry study on Indian rock pythons. Through his rescue of more than 2,000 snakes and commitment to education and awareness, he has significantly reduced human-snake conflict. His nationally recognized work—crowned with the Anna Medal for Gallantry and Lifetime Achievement awards—embodies how veterinary medicine, when combined with passion and field expertise, serves as a powerful force in advancing wildlife conservation.

Reason for Human and Wild Elephant Conflict

Shortage of natural food:
When forest ecosystems cannot provide enough grasses, fruits, and tree fodder to meet the needs of wild elephants, they are forced to search for food in human-dominated areas. This shortage may be seasonal or year-round, depending on habitat quality and rainfall.

Human disturbance:
Frequent human activity inside or near elephant habitats—such as vehicle movement, tourism pressure, illegal entry, or noise—can disrupt natural foraging and migration patterns, causing elephants to move into farmlands or villages.

Deforestation and habitat loss:
Large-scale removal of forest cover for logging, mining, roads, and settlements reduces the area available for elephants. Loss of continuous forest corridors also forces herds to cross human-occupied landscapes, increasing conflict risk.

Climate change:
Changes in rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, or irregular monsoons can reduce the availability of water and vegetation. Extreme weather events may also destroy feeding grounds, pushing elephants into agricultural fields for survival.

Agricultural expansion and plantations:
Conversion of forests into paddy fields, banana farms, sugarcane, or oil palm plantations creates easy, high-calorie food sources that elephants find irresistible. Such crops often grow right along forest boundaries, increasing direct encounters.

1. Crop raiding:
When natural food sources in the forest are insufficient due to deforestation, climate change, or seasonal scarcity, elephants are attracted to agricultural crops such as paddy, maize, sugarcane, banana, and jackfruit. These crops are nutrient-rich, easy to access, and often located right on the forest edge. Raiding can lead to heavy financial losses for farmers and may trigger retaliatory actions against elephants.

2. Property damage:
In their search for food or when moving between fragmented forest patches, elephants sometimes break fences, damage houses, storage sheds, or water tanks. This often happens at night when elephants move quietly into human areas. Large bulls, especially during musth, may also damage vehicles, wells, or grain stores in their path.

3. Accidental human fatalities:
Close encounters between people and elephants—often during crop protection, night-time movement, or unexpected encounters in plantations—can result in trampling or crushing injuries. These fatalities are usually accidental, as elephants may feel threatened or provoked, especially mothers with calves or bulls in musth.

Daily and Yearly Green grass and Tree Fodder requirement per elephants 

Let's sex ratio  assume a typical wild elephant population structure.

In a population of 720 wild elephants, here's a rough breakdown:

- Adult females: around 55-60% (396-432)

- Adult males: around 20-25% (144-180)

- Sub-adults (juveniles): around 15-20% (108-144)

- Calves (0-4 years): around 5-10% (36-72)

720 elephants: ≈395 adult females (54.8%), 154 adult males (21.4%), 120 sub-adults (16.7%), and 51 calves (7.1%). Assuming average daily intake of 130 kg/adult female, 150 kg/adult male, 80 kg/sub-adult, and 30 kg/calf, the herd consumes about 85.58 t/day of forage. With an annual-average 60:40 green:tree split, that is ~51.35 t/day green and ~34.23 t/day tree, or ~18,742 t/year of green fodder and ~12,495 t/year of tree fodder (total ~31,237 t/year). If your habitat is grass-rich and you prefer a 75:25 split, the same herd would need ~64.19 t/day (23,428 t/year) green and ~21.40 t/day (7,809 t/year) tree. 

Keep in mind that these are rough estimates and can vary depending on factors like population dynamics, habitat quality, and mortality history.

The amount of grass and tree fodder required for wild elephants varies based on factors like age, size, and activity level. Here's a rough estimate:

Adult Elephants (around 20-40 years old):

- Dry matter intake: 4-6% of body weight (around 150-200 kg per day for an average adult elephant weighing 3,000-4,000 kg)

- Grass: 70-80% of diet (around 100-160 kg per day)

- Tree fodder (leaves, bark, fruits): 20-30% of diet (around 30-60 kg per day)

Sub-Adult Elephants (around 5-15 years old):

- Dry matter intake: 4-6% of body weight (around 80-120 kg per day for a sub-adult elephant weighing 1,500-2,500 kg)

- Grass: 70-80% of diet (around 56-96 kg per day)

- Tree fodder: 20-30% of diet (around 16-36 kg per day)

Calves (around 0-5 years old):

- Dry matter intake: 3-5% of body weight (around 20-50 kg per day for a calf weighing 500-1,000 kg)

- Milk (from mother): primary source of nutrition

- Grass and tree fodder: gradually introduced to diet as they grow (around 1-10 kg per day)

To estimate the green fodder and tree fodder required for a population of 720 wild elephants, we need to consider their dietary needs.

Elephants are herbivores and their diet consists mainly of grasses, leaves, and bark. The daily food intake for an adult elephant can range from 200-300 kg (440-660 lbs) of food per day.

Let's assume an average daily food intake of 250 kg (550 lbs) per elephant.

For 720 elephants, the total daily food requirement would be:

720 elephants * 250 kg/elephant = 180,000 kg or 180 metric tons per day.

As for the breakdown into green fodder and tree fodder, it can vary depending on the season and availability. However, a rough estimate is:

- Green fodder (grasses): 70-80% of the diet

- Tree fodder (leaves, bark): 20-30% of the diet

Based on these estimates:

- Daily green fodder requirement: 180 metric tons * 0.75 (avg of 70-80%) = 135 metric tons

- Daily tree fodder requirement: 180 metric tons * 0.25 (avg of 20-30%) = 45 metric tons

Annual requirements would be:

- Green fodder: 135 metric tons/day * 365 days = 49,275 metric tons

- Tree fodder: 45 metric tons/day * 365 days = 16,425 metric tons

For a population of 720 wild elephants, the estimated annual fodder requirement is approximately 49,275 metric tons of green fodder and 16,425 metric tons of tree fodder, totaling around 65,700 metric tons per year. This estimate assumes a 75:25 green-to-tree fodder ratio, which may reflect habitats with abundant grasslands or prolonged wet seasons. The actual requirements can vary depending on the age structure of the population, seasonal shifts in vegetation availability, and the specific ecological conditions of the region. For instance, in areas with more fragmented forests or prolonged dry periods, the proportion of tree fodder in the diet may increase significantly. Therefore, accurate calculations require detailed data on the number of adults, sub-adults, and calves, as well as seasonal variations in their feeding patterns and habitat conditions. 

A practical field-level “Wild Elephant Mortality Reduction Action Plan 

Preventing Human-Elephant Conflict
A major cause of wild elephant mortality is conflict with humans, often driven by habitat loss and crop-raiding. Creating and maintaining elephant corridors allows herds to move safely between feeding and breeding grounds without entering farmlands. Early-warning systems, such as SMS alerts, watchtowers, and community scouts, can notify villagers of approaching elephants. Low-cost, non-lethal deterrents like chili fences, beehive fences, and solar-powered barriers can protect crops while reducing the risk of injury or death to both humans and elephants.

To prevent wild elephant crop-raiding, a bio-fence can be developed as a natural, long-term barrier. This biological elephant barricade would consist of dense, thorny plant varieties grown to a height of at least six feet, forming an impenetrable hedge around farmland. Suitable native species with strong thorns and minimal palatability to elephants—such as Agave, Prosopis juliflora, or Bougainvillea—can be planted in double rows for extra strength. Once established, the bio-fence not only deters elephants but also supports soil conservation, provides habitat for smaller wildlife, and requires minimal maintenance compared to electric or concrete fencing. 

Rapid Veterinary Response & Rescue
Injured or sick elephants require immediate veterinary attention to survive. Well-trained, well-equipped rapid response teams can reach the field quickly with sedation and capture tools. Mobile veterinary units should be stocked with essential medicines, tranquilizers, diagnostic kits, and wound-care supplies. Dedicated rehabilitation centers can care for recovering elephants, including orphans, until they are strong enough for release. Continuous monitoring ensures that released elephants remain healthy and safe.

Disease and Injury Control
Wild elephants are vulnerable to diseases such as Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV), tuberculosis, anthrax, and parasitic infections. Regular disease surveillance, blood sampling, and fecal testing can detect issues early. Forest patrolling teams should remove snares, pits, and other hazards that can cause severe injuries or fatalities. In areas with recurring health problems, seasonal deworming and water-quality testing can significantly reduce mortality.All elephant carcasses, including those in a decomposed or putrefied state, are sent to an authorized laboratory for death diagnosis. This process allows veterinarians and forensic experts to identify the exact cause of death, whether due to disease, poisoning, electrocution, snaring, or other factors. Even in advanced decomposition, tissue, bone, and organ samples can provide valuable evidence for wildlife crime investigation and help guide future conservation and disease-prevention strategies. 

Habitat Protection & Restoration
Healthy habitats are essential for elephant survival. Preventing deforestation, mining, and agricultural encroachment in elephant ranges protects food and water sources. Degraded habitats should be restored with native fodder trees, grasslands, and permanent waterholes to sustain elephants year-round. Where roads, railways, or power lines intersect with elephant movement paths, wildlife underpasses, overpasses, and insulated power lines should be installed to prevent accidents and electrocution.

Community Education & Participation

Local communities are key partners in elephant conservation. Awareness programs can teach villagers about elephant behavior, safe ways to avoid conflict, and the ecological importance of elephants. Involving residents in elephant monitoring and early-warning systems builds trust and cooperation. Eco-tourism initiatives can create income from conservation, encouraging communities to protect rather than harm elephants.

Law Enforcement & Policy Implementation
Strict enforcement of anti-poaching laws is critical to reduce mortality from hunting and snaring. Wildlife crime units should be trained in evidence collection, tracking offenders, and using technology like camera traps and drones for surveillance. Clear Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for elephant rescue, translocation, and health monitoring should be implemented across all forest divisions. Long-term research into elephant genetics, health, and migration patterns will support evidence-based policies to ensure their survival for generations to come.

600 Elephants killed annually ---- Dinamalar Daily News Paper : 23-08-2025 Coimbatore Edition

Coimbatore (August 22, 2025): The Asian Elephant Conservation Research and Conflict Management Centre (AECRCMC) celebrated World Elephant Day at the Tamil Nadu Forest Officers' Training Institute in Coimbatore. Regional Passport Officer Satish Kumar presided over the event, which was inaugurated by Assistant Conservator of Forests Akella Chaitanya Madhavudu.

AECRCMC scientist Naveen spoke about the centre's objectives and its activities over the past three years. He mentioned that West Bengal experiences high levels of human-elephant conflict and that the centre collects data to study and find solutions to these conflicts.

Professor Sivsubramanian, Head of the Department of Wildlife Biology at Kongunadu College, spoke about the findings of a study on elephant deaths. According to the study, out of 1,547 elephant deaths analyzed, only one elephant had lived beyond 60 years, and 75% of the elephants died before the age of 25. Most of these deaths were due to gunshot wounds, poaching for ivory, and electrocution. He stated that approximately 600 elephants are killed by humans every year, while humans lose around 500 lives due to elephant attacks. The human-elephant conflict is more pronounced in southern states. Protecting elephants can also help conserve forests and other wildlife.

Snakes face numerous threats that endanger their survival. Habitat loss due to deforestation and urban expansion forces them into human areas, often leading to conflict and killings. Road accidents, illegal wildlife trade, and exploitation for traditional medicine further reduce their numbers. Pollution, climate change, and widespread fear based on myths also contribute to their decline. Protecting snakes requires awareness, scientific rescue efforts, and community support to ensure their vital role in the ecosystem is preserved. 

Impact on Society

Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan’s work has created a transformative impact on society by bridging science, compassion, and field action. His decades of service in wildlife veterinary care have not only saved hundreds of animal lives but also contributed significantly to the protection of endangered species like elephants and snakes. Through pioneering surgeries, rescue missions, and rehabilitation efforts, he has strengthened India’s approach to humane and science-based wildlife conservation. His contributions have generated critical ecological data used in shaping wildlife management and policy decisions. Beyond clinical work, Dr. Asokan has fostered environmental education through public outreach, awareness campaigns, and training programs—empowering local communities to coexist peacefully with wildlife. His legacy is one of courage, innovation, and a lifelong commitment to safeguarding biodiversity.

INDIAN ROCK PYTHON RESEARCH-FIRST TIME IN INDIA

"Spatio-temporal and Thermal Ecology of Indian Rock Python in Moyar Vally-Tamil Nadu"

Dr. K. Asokan, renowned as India’s pioneering “Snake Surgeon,” has revolutionized reptile medicine through a combination of innovative surgical techniques and groundbreaking conservation research. Between 2017 and 2020, he led India’s first surgical radio telemetry study on Indian Rock Pythons at the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, where he successfully implanted transmitters in 14 snakes—8 males and 6 females—to monitor their movement patterns, habitat preferences, and physiological responses. This pioneering effort, recognized and appreciated by the Wildlife Institute of India, not only advanced the scientific understanding of python behavior but also set a national precedent for the use of telemetry in reptile conservation. 

SNAKE SURGERY , TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT

Dr. K. Asokan is one of the very few snake surgeons in India and has pioneered several groundbreaking procedures in reptile medicine. He has successfully performed surgeries on 80 snakes with critical conditions, treating bacterial and viral infections, conducting eye glaucoma surgeries, and even performing heart surgery—an exceptionally rare accomplishment in global veterinary practice. Significantly, Dr. Asokan was the first in India to identify and surgically remove cancerous tumors in snakes, including Indian Cobras and Russell’s Vipers.

Over the past decade, his surgical contributions have expanded to more than 500 life-saving snake surgeries, addressing a wide range of issues such as spinal trauma, stomatitis, mutilation injuries, and foreign body extractions, including removing a fish hook from an Olive Keelback. Using both general and gas anesthesia, his operations are followed by meticulous post-operative care and the re-release of snakes into their natural habitats.

Beyond clinical work, Dr. Asokan has trained 100 volunteer rescuers in safe snake handling and rehabilitation techniques. His conservation efforts have also included overseeing the artificial hatching and wild release of over 600 baby snakes—including pythons, cobras, rat snakes, and vine snakes—significantly contributing to urban biodiversity restoration. His species-specific, minimally invasive surgical methods have not only saved countless lives but have also set a national benchmark in snake conservation and reptile healthcare.

Tamil Nadu Snake Rescuers Meet-2022

Snake rescuers from across Tamil Nadu gathered at a special meet organized by the Tamil Nadu Snake Conservation Forum and the Snakebite Multidisciplinary Action Forum in Erode. The event provided a platform for rescuers to share their experiences, discuss challenges faced during snake rescue operations, highlight safety concerns, and emphasize the need for proper training. Participants from various districts actively contributed to the discussions, aiming to strengthen snake conservation efforts and improve rescue protocols across the state. 

First Time in India – Pioneering Snake Research
Spatio-temporal and Thermal Ecology of the Indian Rock Python in 

Moyar Valley, Tamil Nadu State

For the first time in India, a groundbreaking research initiative was undertaken by Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan and his team to study the spatio-temporal movement and thermal ecology of the Indian Rock Python (Python molurus) in the Moyar Valley, Tamil Nadu. Conducted between 2019 and 2020, this project marked a significant milestone in Indian herpetological research and snake conservation.Under the certification of the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, this study involved the surgical implantation of radio telemetry transmitters in 14 Indian Rock Pythons (8 males and 6 females). Using a novel and minimally invasive gas anesthesia method, Dr. Asokan developed a safe and effective surgical technique to implant these devices without compromising the health or behavior of the snakes.

The study yielded critical insights into:

• Movement patterns and home range behavior across seasons.
  Thermal regulation strategies and preferred microhabitats.
  Breeding cycles, activity rhythms, and basking behavior.
  The impact of environmental variables such as temperature and humidity on snake ecology.
  This first-of-its-kind telemetry-based project in India not only advanced scientific understanding of this elusive and ecologically important species but also contributed significantly to community awareness, snakebite mitigation strategies, and conservation planning in human-dominated landscapes. Dr. Asokan’s research stands as a model for reptile studies in tropical ecosystems.

A Hyena’s Journey from Coma to Freedom

Dr. K. Asokan’s groundbreaking treatment of a comatose hyena not only saved its life but also led to its full rehabilitation and eventual release back into the wild. After months of intensive care and observation, the hyena regained its strength, mobility, and natural instincts. This successful reintegration into its natural habitat marks a historic moment—the first documented case in India where a hyena in a coma-like state was revived and released. Dr. Asokan’s unwavering commitment and expertise gave the animal a second chance at life in the wild, setting a powerful example for future wildlife rescue and rehabilitation efforts.

Hyena in Real Life – Dr. K. Asokan’s Remarkable Rescue 

Context: In 2017, Dr. K. Asokan treated a critically injured hyena found in a coma-like state—a condition never before documented in Indian wildlife rescue. 

Medical Challenge: The hyena was unresponsive and close to death. Dr. Asokan provided months of expert veterinary care, including neurological monitoring, physiotherapy, and rehabilitation. 

Portrayal: The hyena was treated with compassion, scientific precision, and a commitment to its well-being. 

Outcome: After nearly four years of care, the hyena was fully rehabilitated and released back into the forest on April 28, 2021—a first in India. 

Legacy: This rescue became a landmark in Indian wildlife conservation, emphasizing the importance of humane treatment, patience, and medical expertise. 

While Leo uses the hyena as a tool of suspense and action, Dr. K. Asokan’s real-life rescue is a powerful testament to the role of science, compassion, and perseverance in wildlife conservation. His success story is not just about saving an animal—it’s about giving a wild creature a second chance at life and setting a precedent for future rehabilitation efforts in India. 

Conservation Campaigns and Environmental Education

                            For over 15 years, Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan has been a passionate advocate for conservation and environmental education. Every year, he actively organizes and participates in numerous awareness campaigns and training programs focused on critical issues such as wildlife management, snake conservation, disaster preparedness, environmental protection, herbal and organic farming, and rainwater harvesting.

                                Using a combination of PowerPoint presentations, posters, and educational videos, Dr. Asokan has successfully conducted workshops and outreach programs across Tamil Nadu, particularly targeting school and college students, tourists, Forest Department staff, and the general public. His efforts have reached more than 1,000 school and college students,farmers,women self help group members across Coimbatore and neighboring districts, setting a record for community engagement in wildlife and environmental education.

                      In recognition of his outstanding contribution to environmental awareness and wildlife conservation, Dr. Asokan has been honored by the Government of Tamil Nadu with two prestigious awards:

• Sudar Oli Viruthu (2021) – for Environment Protection and Education Awareness
  Puravalar Viruthu (2019) – for Environment Protection and Wildlife Management
  These accolades underscore his long-standing dedication to fostering environmental responsibility and conservation ethics among the public.

Awards and Recognitions

Gratitude Note from Myanmar Research Team

On 04-11-1999, a team of researchers from Myanmar, including the Asian Elephant Research and Conservation team from Bangalore, visited the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park, including the elephant camp.

In a note expressing their appreciation, Surendra Varma conveyed the team's gratitude for the warm hospitality extended during their visit. The delegation valued the informative discussions on elephant management and expressed their thanks for the insights shared. The techniques and knowledge gained during the visit were acknowledged as beneficial and were expected to be applied in their elephant management programs upon their return to Myanmar.

Appreciation  by Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & Chief Wildlife Warden

On 12-04-2018, ,Thiru Ragunath,I.F.S., Principal Chief Conservator of Forests and Chief Wildlife Warden, visited the Forest Veterinary Unit at Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve. During his visit, he expressed his appreciation for the exceptional work conducted by Dr. K. Asokan and his team. The visit highlighted the effective and dedicated efforts of the Forest Veterinary Unit in wildlife conservation and veterinary care.

Appreciation  by Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & Head of Department

On 07-07-2019, Thiru Durairasu, I.F.S., Principal Chief Conservator of Forests and Head of Department, Tamil Nadu State, visited the Forest Veterinary Unit at Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve. During his visit, he commended the exceptional work conducted by Dr. K. Asokan and his team. This visit underscored the significant contributions of the Forest Veterinary Unit to wildlife conservation and veterinary care, showcasing their dedication and effectiveness in addressing the challenges in wildlife management.

Appreciation  by Thiru. Ajay Adrushyappa Desai

On 19-04-2019, Thiru. Ajay Adrushyappa Desai, known as the "Elephant Man" for his research and expertise in wild elephant behavior and human-wildlife conflicts, visited the Forest Veterinary Unit at Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve. During his visit, he praised Dr. K. Asokan and his team for their exceptional work in wild elephant conservation. Thiru. Desai's acknowledgment highlighted the significant impact of Dr. Asokan's efforts in addressing wildlife conflicts and advancing elephant conservation initiatives.

2024 – Life Time Achievement Award

Awarded by: Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Science University, Chennai

Significance: This prestigious award honors Dr. Asokan's lifelong dedication and exceptional contributions to veterinary science and wildlife conservation. The award acknowledges his extensive career, marked by his pioneering work in elephant care and wildlife management, and his role in improving the lives of countless animals across Tamil Nadu.

 2022 – Tamil Nadu Government Anna Gallantry Award

       Awarded on: January 26, 2022

       Presented by: The Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu

Significance: This high honor recognizes Dr. Asokan's extraordinary efforts and bravery in wildlife conservation and veterinary care. The award celebrates his role in addressing human-elephant conflicts, his success in rescuing and rehabilitating distressed wildlife, and his innovative approaches in the field.

2021 – Sudar Oli Viruthu (Environment Protection & Education Awareness)

             Awarded by: Tamil Nadu Government Environment Protection & Climate Change Department

        Significance: This award acknowledges Dr. Asokan's contributions to environmental protection and education. It highlights his commitment to raising awareness about wildlife conservation and his efforts in educating the public and students on the importance of environmental stewardship.

2019 – Puravalar Viruthu (Environment Protection & Wildlife Management)

            Awarded by: Tamil Nadu Government Environment Protection & ClimateChange Department

              Significance: This recognition is given for Dr. Asokan's outstanding work in wildlife management and environmental protection. It underscores his achievements in managing human-wildlife conflicts and implementing effective strategies for the conservation of endangered species.

2020 – Appreciation Certificate and Cash Award of ₹5,000

                      In recognition of his exceptional work in managing human-wildlife conflicts, Dr. K. Asokan received an Appreciation Certificate and a cash award of ₹5,000 from the Tamil Nadu Biodiversity Board, Chennai. This award, presented in 2020, highlights Dr. Asokan’s significant contributions to addressing and mitigating conflicts between humans and wild animals. His efforts in rescuing and rehabilitating wildlife, along with his proactive strategies in conflict management, have been instrumental in promoting coexistence and preserving biodiversity in the region.

2010 – Browns Medal for Wildlife Toxicology

           Awarded for: Research and contributions to wildlife toxicology  Significance: The Brownz Medal honors Dr. Asokan’s significant research in wildlife toxicology, particularly his work on emerging contaminants that impact biodiversity. This award reflects his pioneering efforts in understanding and addressing the toxicological challenges faced by wildlife.

 Certificates of Merit

Dr. K. Asokan has been honored with several Certificates of Merit in recognition of his exceptional work in wildlife conservation and animal husbandry. These certificates were awarded by various District Collectors for his dedication and contributions. The details are as follows:

24-08-2010: District Collector, Nagapattinam District

21-08-2010: District Collector, Madurai District

08-12-2015: District Collector, Coimbatore District

15-08-2017: District Collector, Coimbatore District

15-08-2018: District Collector, Coimbatore District

26-01-2019: District Collector, Erode District

                               These awards highlight Dr. Asokan’s unwavering commitment and exemplary service in the field of wildlife and animal welfare. These awards collectively highlight Dr. Asokan’s exceptional career, underscoring his profound impact on wildlife conservation, veterinary science, and environmental protection.

Publications:

Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan’s work has received widespread appreciation from senior officials and has been featured in several leading newspapers, including Dinakaran, Dinamalar, The Hindu, Deccan Chronicle, The Indian Express, and The Times of India. In addition, his articles on environmental pollution are regularly published in the Tamil monthly magazine Pasumai India, which is widely circulated across Tamil Nadu.

Reference 

1) DR. KRISH ASOKAN: A LEGEND WILDLIFE VET OF INDIA

https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/dr-krish-asokan-a-legend-wildlife-vet-of-india/

2) Veterinarian known for rearing orphaned elephant calves wins awards for wildlife management, conservation

  https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/veterinarian-known-for-rearing-orphaned-elephant-calves-wins-awards-for-wildlife-management-conservation/article66958123.ece

3) World Elephant Day: Meet Dr Asokan who saved an almost dead elephant

https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/tamil-nadu/meet-dr-asokan-who-saved-an-almost-dead-elephant/na20200812193323937

4) Renowned Veterinarian K. Asokan Wins Awards for Wildlife Management & Conservation

https://krishijagran.com/news/renowned-veterinarian-k-asokan-wins-awards-for-wildlife-management-conservation/

5) STR veterinarian gets Anna Medal for Gallantry

https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/str-veterinarian-gets-anna-medal-for-gallantry/article38330635.ece

6) Brutally Beaten Up, Comatose Hyena Gets a New Life Thanks to This Kind Vet & His Team!

https://thebetterindia.com/170840/tamil-nadu-animal-rescue-hyena-inspiring/

7) 100gm tumor removed from cobras  body in Coimbatore zoo

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/100-gm-tumor-removed-from-cobras-body-in-coimbatore-zoo/articleshow/11492411.cms

8) Meet the snake surgeon of India: Dr K Asokan

https://pashusandesh.com/snake-conservation

9) How this doctor removed cancer growth in a cobra

https://www.covaipost.com/coimbatore/how-this-doctor-removed-cancer-growth-in-a-cobra/

10)    A Hyena Journey from Coma to Life- K Asokan   (Page Number 60-65) (www.wpsidoon.org )

       CHEETAL- JOURNAL OF THE WILDLIFE PRESERVATION SOCIETY  - Cheetal Vol 61- 

       May 2024-October 2024

11)   கையைக் கடித்த குட்டியானை; வாசனை `கில்லி’ சத்தியன் யானை – 

       25 ஆண்டுகால   அனுபவம் பகிரும் டாக்டர் அசோகன்!

         https://www.vikatan.com/environment/doctor-ashokan-speaks-about-elephant-treatment

12)  கேரள அரசு சுட்டுக் கொல்ல நினைத்த யானையை காப்பாற்றியவர் - யார் இந்த யானை டாக்டர்? - Elephant day

  https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/state/coimbatore/international-elephant-day-dr-asokan/tamil-nadu20200812001140826

13)  Elephant: `யானைகளுக்கும் எல்லா எமோஷன்களும் இருக்கு!’ - அனுபவம் பகிரும் 

      டாக்டர் அசோகன்

      https://www.vikatan.com/environment/wildlife-veterinarian-ashokan-shares-about-elephants

14)  யானைகளுக்கு உடற்கூறு ஆய்வு அவசியம் ஏன்? மருத்துவர் அசோகன் எக்ஸ்க்ளூசிவ்

   https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/world-elephant-day-2021-challenges-faced-by-veterinarians-during-the-elephant-postmortem-331410/

15)  தவிக்கவிட்ட தாய்... தந்தையாக மாறி அரவணைத்த மருத்துவர் - ஆஸ்கர் புகழ் 

      குட்டி பொம்மி யானையின் கண்ணீர் ஸ்டோரி

     https://www.thanthitv.com/latest-news/oscar-bommi-elephant-story-173306

16) கானுயிர் காக்கும் கால்நடை மருத்துவர்

      https://iniangovindaraju.blogspot.com/2019/11/blog-post_5.html?m=1

17)  Tracking Pythons: Investigation on the Spatio-temporal and Thermal Ecology of Indian Python (Python molurus molurus, Linn. 1758) in Moyar River Valley, Tamil Nadu, India

      https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramesh-Chinnasamy/publication/332299126_Tracking_Pythons_Investigation_on_the_Spatio-temporal_and_Thermal_Ecology_of_Indian_Python_Python_molurus_molurus_Linn_1758_in_Moyar_River_Valley_Tamil_Nadu_India/links/5cac9e2192851caf2c7042b6/Tracking-Pythons-Investigation-on-the-Spatio-temporal-and-Thermal-Ecology-of-Indian-Python-Python-molurus-molurus-Linn-1758-in-Moyar-River-Valley-Tamil-Nadu-India.pdf?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19

18)   The Post-feeding Activity of an Indian Rock Python, Python molurus (Linnaeus 1758),  in the Moyar River Valley, Southern            India-https://journals.ku.edu/reptilesandamphibians/article/view/20100

        file:///F:/down/2025/photos%20all%20awards/2018%20ele%20death%20str/Python%20surgery%20%20Technical%20Article        /R&A-31_20100_Vishnu-etal_Python-molurus_Final.pdf

19)   Pythons return home, slowly but surely, finds a new study

       file:///F:/down/2025/photos%20all%20awards/2018%20ele%20death%20str/Python%20surgery%20%20Technical%20Article/       Pythons%20return%20home,%20slowly%20but%20surely,%20finds%20a%20new%20study.pdf

20)  Homing of translocated native Indian pythons in Moyar River Valley, South India

        https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024090418