This section focuses on integrating the designed processor modules into complete systems using different architectural approaches:
1 .Sequential Integration:
Concept: Sequential integration refers to the execution of instructions in a linear, step-by-step manner, where each instruction is completed before the next one begins.
Operation: This process ensures simplicity and clarity in design because of its straightforward execution pattern.
1 Each cycle consists of fetching the instruction, decoding it, executing it, and writing the result back to memory.
2 There is no overlap in processing, meaning that the next instruction will only begin once the previous one has completed.
2. Pipelined Integration:
Concept: Pipelined integration involves dividing the instruction processing lifecycle into separate stages that can work in parallel. These stages typically include Fetch, Decode, Execute, and Write-back.
Operation:
The instruction is processed in different stages simultaneously. For instance, while one instruction is being executed, another can be decoded, and yet another can be fetched, all in parallel.
The pipeline operates like an assembly line, where each stage processes a different part of the instruction set.
Stages in a typical pipeline:
Instruction Fetch (IF): The instruction is fetched from memory.
Instruction Decode (ID): The fetched instruction is decoded to determine the operation.
Execution (EX): The operation is performed on the data.
Memory Access (MEM): If needed, memory is accessed.
Write-back (WB): The result of the execution is written back to memory or registers.
3. Flynn’s Taxonomy:
Flynn’s Taxonomy classifies computer architectures based on the number of instruction streams and data streams they support. This classification helps in understanding the parallelism and concurrency of a system.