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We tested the hypothesis that the expansion of satellite cell numbers, 24 h after maximal eccentric knee extensor exercise, is blunted in older men. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of 10 young (23-35 years) and 9 older (60-75 years) men. Satellite cells were identified immunohistochemically using an antibody to neural cell adhesion molecule. After 92 maximal eccentric contractions, the mean number of satellite cells per muscle fiber increased to a greater extent among the young men (141%; P < 0.001) than older men (51%; P = 0.002) from preexercise levels. Similar results were obtained when satellite cells were expressed as a proportion of all sublaminar nuclei. We conclude that a single bout of maximal eccentric exercise increases satellite cell numbers in both age groups, with a significantly greater response among the young men. These data suggest that age-related changes in satellite cell recruitment may contribute to muscle regeneration deficits among the elderly.
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I then hike down the Rock (our term for the cell block) to the communal bathroom I share with 48 other inmates, brush my teeth between four young kids who are rapping, handle my morning business on the toilet, and return to my cell once again, where I pour Ross another bowl of water, buckle on my pouch full of treats, then venture back out into the bowels of our unit with the dog in tow. We spend the next 40 minutes training him to follow my commands.
Next, I grab my tablet and a cup of instant coffee, and hurry to our JPay.com (a prison email service) kiosk (a computer encased in damn-near indestructible stainless steel), which is my only window to the outside world.
From 3 until 6, I soar free. I delve into my fantasy world and live vicariously through my protagonists as they experience love and loss, battle evil, and fight to make their world a better place. (I am forced to pause for twenty minutes, though, while I jump up onto my bunk at 4:30 for count time.)
After dinner, I teach a writing class that usually lasts about an hour. Today, it runs over, because we actually have quite a lot of fun learning the difference between active and passive voice. Around 8 I call Mom. At $3 (almost twice my daily pay) per 15-minute phone call, I can only afford to speak to her once or twice a week.
At 8:30, I take Ross out the back door of our unit for his final potty break. I then jog upstairs to the microwave area, heat myself a ramen noodle soup, and pop myself some popcorn.9 count hits. This is my chill-out time. For the next two hours, I sit on my bunk and slurp noodles and crunch popcorn while I watch T.V. or read a book.
Jerry Metcalf, 43, is incarcerated at the Thumb Correctional Facility in Lapeer, Michigan, where he is serving 40 to 60 years for second-degree murder and two years for a weapons felony, both of which he was convicted of in 1996.
The Gen2K racing programme is also diverse. Harper, Hesse, and Weerts will contest the 24 Hours of Nrburgring (GER) in June in the BMW M Team RMG BMW M4 GT3. While Harper and Hesse have grown up on the Nordschleife as part of their training and have contested many races there, Weerts will make his debut at the endurance classic in the Eifel region. The trio will hit the track for the first time in the BMW M4 GT3 this coming weekend during test sessions ahead of the start of the Nrburgring Endurance Series (NES) season.
Beyond their race commitments, there will be joint events with the Gen2K members, and they may also serve as mentors for an even younger generation of motorsport talent, leveraging their experience gained during their training. Details regarding this will be announced at a later date. Just like with the BMW Junior Team, BMW M Motorsport legend Jochen Neerpasch will mentor Gen2K. The Gen2K logo will accompany the drivers on their racing suits as well as on vehicles.
As Charles Leclerc was already experiencing a highlight of his young career on Sunday 28 May 2018 in Monaco for his very first F1 Grand Prix at home at the wheel of his Sauber, Thomas Laurent was in preparations for his first 24 Hours of Le Mans in LMP1 with his team, Rebellion. "Charles and I have known each other a long time. We did minikart together at Douvrin. We must have been about six or seven," recalls Thomas Laurent, born in 1998. That was back in 2006. Since then, both drivers have certainly made their marks in motorsport.
Thomas Laurent, who opened the 24 Hours in LMP3 in 2016 with a win at Road to Le Mans, won the LMP2 class at the 2017 edition of Le Mans, even reaching the second step on the overall podium behind the Porsche 919 Hybrid. This year, having moved up to the LMP1 class, he will lead Rebellion's charge against Toyota and its hybrid prototype and is a contender for the overall victory.
Each in his own way, Leclerc and Laurent have climbed the motorsport ladder extremely fast. Thomas Laurent: "In 2016, I left my karting team in France, and as such a French environment, to join David Cheng's Chinese team, spending the majority of my season in Asia, in a completely foreign setting. I went directly from karting to my first racing car, an LMP3. I felt comfortable right away. It's an excellent tool when learning to become an endurance driver. For me, this is a childhood dream. I have always wanted to be a driver in endurance. Who did I look to? Sbastien Bourdais. When I started out in competition, I used his helmet colors as inspiration for my own. I have yet to meet him. Last year in the wake of his accident at Indianapolis, he was unable to do Le Mans, but his father gave me a message from him. That was really nice. This year it will be strange because I'm going to meet him for the first time, on the track, and I should be faster as he's in LMGTE Pro."
Even though Laurent will be competing in the top class, LMP1, he is remaining level-headed. "I understand it's vital to wait for the right time, not rush things. I should know...last year, wanting to go too fast, I made a mistake early in the race. Luckily, it turned out inconsequential, but I won't forget it," he explains, describing how he spun round shortly after the start of the race.
Soon he will submit to the technical and administrative checks at the biggest endurance race in the world, a contender for the overall win, as Charles Leclerc gets ready to take on the Canadian Grand Prix.
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Imaging the choroidal vasculature at various depths is valuable for understanding the pathophysiology of diseases such as myopia, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy and uveitis1,2. The advent of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A), an in vivo high resolution imaging method, allows en-face visualization of the choriocapillaris and deep choroidal microvasculature with good agreement with histological findings1,3,4. Indices quantifying vascular characteristics including flow deficit number, area and density and perfusion area or density can be extracted from these images with high sensitivity and repeatability5,6. A flow deficit or void in a choriocapillaris en-face image represents the spaces between the capillaries (the area where blood flow is absent or cannot be detected), whereas perfusion represents the area where blood flow is present5,7. The limited lateral resolution of OCT-A images makes it challenging to visualize flat capillaries of the choriocapillaris vasculature network, therefore flow deficit characteristics are widely used to study the perfusion of the choriocapillaris5.
It is well-established that choroidal thickness changes over 24 h with peak thickness occurring at night17,18. In addition, choroidal thickness, and its vascular density and choriocapillaris perfusion have been reported to be interrelated with each other19,20,21. Other parameters including axial length, retinal thickness, intraocular pressure (IOP) and systemic blood pressure also exhibit variation over 24 h and are related to the choroidal thickness8,9,17,18,22,23, so it is reasonable to expect variation in the choroidal OCT-A indices over 24 h. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has explored variation in the choroidal OCT-A indices, over a full 24-h period. Furthermore, axial length and refractive error exhibit associations with choriocapillaris density, choroidal blood flow and ocular blood flow24,25,26,27,28,29. Thus, refractive status could affect diurnal variation in choroidal vascular indices, however, no previous studies on daily variations in choroidal OCT-A indices have compared their findings between refractive groups10,11,12,13,14.
This study, therefore, investigated the magnitude and pattern of diurnal variation over 24 h in choroidal OCT-A microvasculature indices for myopic and non-myopic young healthy participants. The choriocapillaris and deep choroidal en-face images were extracted from the scans. Custom image analysis was used to extract OCT-A indices including flow deficit number, area and density and perfusion density corrected for magnification30 in the sub-foveal, sub-parafoveal and sub-perifoveal regions. The relationships between diurnal variation in choroidal OCT-A indices and various ocular and systemic measurements were also investigated.
Three quantitative indices were extracted from the ETDRS zones of the binarized choriocapillaris images: flow deficit number, flow deficit size and flow deficit density5,37. The resolution of OCT-A is not sufficient to image the individual choriocapillaris vessels, so flow deficit characteristics were chosen. In a binarized choriocapillaris image, a flow deficit is displayed in black pixels where the blood flow is absent or cannot be detected (Fig. 1). An unconnected black pixel in the binarized choriocapillaris image is defined as a single flow deficit. Flow deficit number is defined as the total number of individually detected choriocapillaris flow deficits in the region of interest of the binarized image. Average flow deficit size (m2) was the averaged size of all the detected flow deficits in the region of interest. Flow deficit number and size can together indicate a local or a global choriocapillaris change. A small number of larger flow deficits indicates a local choriocapillaris loss and a large number of small flow deficits indicates a scattered global loss37. Flow deficit density was calculated as the ratio of the image area occupied by the choriocapillaris flow deficits to the area of the region of interest in the binarized choriocapillaris image and expressed as a percentage. 152ee80cbc
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