Digital ecosystems consist of hardware, software, and services that create dependencies leading to user loyalty [Bajarin 2011]. In the context of DM using ML techniques in the Big Data era, the following ecosystems (Table 3) are frequently mentioned:
Furthermore, there are virtual environments at various levels e.g. in Python ecosystem as well as in Cloud ecosystems. The trend is to build an isolated environment for each prototyping stack in order to avoid interfering with other system configurations.