Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation

Threshold Matters in WSSS: Manipulating the Activation for the Robust and Accurate Segmentation Model Against Thresholds

People (*: equal contribution)

Minhyun Lee*, Dongseob Kim*, Hyunjung Shim

Links

TBA

Abstract

Weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) has recently gained much attention for its promise to train segmentation models only with image-level labels. Existing WSSS methods commonly argue that the sparse coverage of CAM incurs the performance bottleneck of WSSS. This paper provides analytical and empirical evidence that the actual bottleneck may not be sparse coverage but a global thresholding scheme applied after CAM. Then, we show that this issue can be mitigated by satisfying two conditions; 1) reducing the imbalance in the foreground activation and 2) increasing the gap between the foreground and the background activation. Based on these findings, we propose a novel activation manipulation network with a per-pixel classification loss and a label conditioning module. Per-pixel classification naturally induces two-level activation in activation maps, which can penalize the most discriminative parts, promote the less discriminative parts, and deactivate the background regions. Label conditioning imposes that the output label of pseudo-masks should be any of true image-level labels; it penalizes the wrong activation assigned to non-target classes. Based on extensive analysis and evaluations, we demonstrate that each component helps produce accurate pseudo-masks, achieving the robustness against the choice of the global threshold. Finally, our model achieves state-of-the-art records on both PASCAL VOC 2012 and MS COCO 2014 datasets.

Motivation

Motivating examples show that the optimal threshold per image τ_opt from the same dog class is quite different from each other. (a) The distribution of the optimal threshold on PASCAL VOC 2012 train set, (b) the activation maps, (c) the thresholded masks using a global threshold τ_global=0.15, and (d) the thresholded masks using a optimal threshold.

Overall framework of activation manipulation network (AMN)

The overall framework of activation manipulation network (AMN). The refined seed from a classification network is used as noisy supervision to train AMN. The per-pixel classification loss (PCL) and label conditioning (LC) improve the pseudo-mask quality.

Results

Segmentation results (mIoU) on PASCAL VOC 2012. I. and S. denotes image-level labels and the external saliency maps used for supervision, respectively. The best score is underlined for I.+S. and in bold for I. † for the ImageNet pre-trained model and ‡ for the MS COCO pre-trained model throughout all experiments.

Accuracy (mIoU) of semantic segmentation evaluated on MS COCO 2014 val set.

Qualitative examples of segmentation results on (a) PASCAL VOC 2012 val set and (b) MS COCO 2014 val set.