Relevant Literature

  1. Chris Atton. 2006. Far-right media on the internet: Culture, discourse and power.New media & society8, 4 (2006), 573–587.

  2. Elizabeth Buchanan. 2017. Considering the ethics of big data research: A case of Twitter and ISIS/ISIL.PloS one12, 12 (2017), e0187155.

  3. Manuela Caiani and Patricia Kröll. 2015. The transnationalization of the extreme right and the use of the Internet.International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice39, 4 (2015), 331–351.

  4. Manuela Caiani and Linda Parenti. 2016.European and American extreme-right groups and the Internet. Routledge.

  5. Maura Conway. 2017. Determining the role of the internet in violent extremism and terrorism: Six suggestions for progressing research.Studies in Conflict & Terrorism40, 1 (2017), 77–98.

  6. William Anthony Costanza. 2012. An interdisciplinary framework to assess the radicalization of youth towards violent extremism across cultures. Ph.D.Dissertation. Georgetown University.

  7. Valentine Crosset, Samuel Tanner, and Aurélie Campana. 2019. Researching far right groups on Twitter: Methodological challenges 2.0.New media &society21, 4 (2019), 939–961.

  8. Jenny L Davis and Nathan Jurgenson. 2014. Context collapse: Theorizing context collusions and collisions.Information, communication & society17, 4(2014), 476–485.

  9. Miriam Fernandez and Harith Alani. 2021. Artificial intelligence and online extremism: Challenges and opportunities. In Predictive policing and artificial intelligence. Routledge, 132–162.

  10. Mayur Gaikwad, Swati Ahirrao, Shraddha Phansalkar, and Ketan Kotecha. 2021. Online Extremism Detection: A Systematic Literature Review With Emphasis on Datasets, Classification Techniques, Validation Methods, and Tools.IEEE Access9 (2021), 48364–48404.

  11. Bharath Ganesh. 2018. The ungovernability of digital hate culture.Journal of International Affairs71, 2 (2018), 30–49.

  12. Phyllis B Gerstenfeld, Diana R Grant, and Chau-Pu Chiang. 2003. Hate online: A content analysis of extremist Internet sites. Analyses of social issues and public policy3, 1 (2003), 29–44.

  13. Andrew H Hales and Kipling D Williams. 2018. Marginalized individuals and extremism: The role of ostracism in openness to extreme groups.Journal of Social Issues74, 1 (2018), 75–92.

  14. Seth G Jones, Catrina Doxsee, and Nicholas Harrington. 2020. The escalating terrorism problem in the United States. (2020).

  15. Kyaw Nyi Nyi Jordan Newton, Yasmira Moner and Hari Prasad. 2021. Polarising Narratives and Deepening Fault Lines: Social Media, Intolerance and Extremism in Four Asian Nations – GNET. https://gnet-research.org/2021/03/02/polarising-narratives-and-deepening-fault-lines-social-media-intolerance-and-extremism-in-four-asian-nations/.

  16. Sebastian Jungkunz. 2019. Towards a measurement of extreme left-wing attitudes.German Politics28, 1 (2019), 101–122.

  17. Myungkoo Kang, Marie-Orange Rivé-Lasan, Wooja Kim, and Philippa Hall. 2020.Hate speech in Asia and Europe: Beyond hate and fear. Routledge.

  18. Herbert Kitschelt and Staf Hellemans. 1990. The left-right semantics and the new politics cleavage.Comparative Political Studies23, 2 (1990), 210–238.

  19. Brian Levin. 2002. Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists’ Use of Computer Networks in America.American Behavioral Scientist45, 6(feb 2002), 958–988.

  20. Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk. 2020. Culture-driven emotional profiles and online discourse extremism.Pragmatics and Society11, 2 (2020), 262–291.

  21. Stuart Macdonald, Sara Giro Correia, and Amy-Louise Watkin. 2019. Regulating terrorist content on social media: automation and the rule of law. International Journal of Law in Context15, 2 (2019), 183–197.

  22. Shruti Phadke and Tanushree Mitra. 2020. Many faced hate: A cross platform study of content framing and information sharing by online hate groups. InProceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–13.

  23. Shruti Phadke and Tanushree Mitra. 2021. Educators, Solicitors, Flamers, Motivators, Sympathizers: Characterizing Roles in Online Extremist Movements.Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction3, CSCW (2021).

  24. Ashley Reichelmann, James Hawdon, Matt Costello, John Ryan, Catherine Blaya, Vicente Llorent, Atte Oksanen, Pekka Räsänen, and Izabela Zych. 2020. Hate knows no boundaries: Online hate in six nations. Deviant Behavior(2020), 1–12.

  25. Sean Spence. 2020. Right-Wing Extremism: The New Wave of Global Terrorism | Best Countries | US News. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2020-10-22/right-wing-extremism-the-new-wave-of-global-terrorism.

  26. Kate Starbird, Ahmer Arif, and Tom Wilson. 2019. Disinformation as collaborative work: Surfacing the participatory nature of strategic information operations.Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction3, CSCW (2019), 1–26.