Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) arises when bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites evolve mechanisms to evade the effects of antimicrobial drugs, primarily due to genetic mutations or horizontal gene transfer. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and veterinary practices have accelerated this global health crisis, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens such as MRSA, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. These resistant infections result in prolonged illnesses, increased mortality rates, and higher healthcare costs due to the need for more expensive and toxic treatments. Factors contributing to AMR spread include poor infection control in healthcare settings, inadequate sanitation, and global travel, which facilitate the rapid dissemination of resistant strains.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes AMR as one of the top ten global public health threats, requiring urgent action to prevent a post-antibiotic era where common infections could become fatal. Current strategies to combat AMR include antimicrobial stewardship programs to optimize antibiotic use, enhanced surveillance systems to track resistant pathogens, and improved hygiene practices to reduce transmission. Research efforts focus on developing novel antibiotics, alternative therapies like phage therapy and antimicrobial peptides, and rapid diagnostic tools to ensure targeted treatment.
Structural biology plays a pivotal role by elucidating resistance mechanisms at the molecular level, enabling the rational design of inhibitors that restore drug efficacy. Additionally, vaccines and public education campaigns are critical in reducing antibiotic demand and preventing infections. Addressing AMR demands a coordinated One Health approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health strategies, along with policy interventions and global collaboration to sustain effective treatments for future generations. Without immediate and sustained efforts, AMR could undermine modern medicine, making routine medical procedures and infections life-threatening once again.