Operators

Types of Operators in C

1. Arithmetic: Basic calculations.

2. Relational: Compare values.

3. Logical: Combine conditions.

4. Bitwise: Manipulate bits.

5. Assignment: Assign values.

6. Increment/Decrement: Modify by 1.

7. Conditional: Simplify if-else.

8. Special Operators: Miscellaneous operations.

Operators in C Programming Language

In C programming, operators are symbols or keywords used to perform operations on variables and values. They are fundamental to manipulating data and controlling the flow of the program. C provides a rich set of operators that can be classified into several categories.

Categories of Operators in C

Arithmetic Operators:
These operators are used to perform basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus.

Syntax:
result = operand1 operator operand2;

1. List of Arithmetic Operators:

   • + (Addition)

   • - (Subtraction)

   • * (Multiplication)

   • / (Division)

   • % (Modulus or Remainder)

Example:
int a = 10, b = 5, result;

result = a + b;  // Addition

result = a - b;  // Subtraction

result = a * b;  // Multiplication

result = a / b;  // Division

result = a % b;  // Modulus

2. Relational Operators:
   These operators are used to compare two values and return a boolean result (true or false).
   List of Relational Operators:

   • == (Equal to)

   • != (Not equal to)

   • > (Greater than)

   • < (Less than)

   • >= (Greater than or equal to)

   • <= (Less than or equal to)

Example:

int a = 10, b = 5;

if (a == b) {

    printf("a is equal to b\n");

}

if (a != b) {

    printf("a is not equal to b\n");

}

if (a > b) {

    printf("a is greater than b\n");

}

3. Logical Operators:
   These operators are used to combine multiple conditions or boolean expressions. The result is also a boolean value.
   List of Logical Operators:

   • && (Logical AND)

   • || (Logical OR)

   • ! (Logical NOT)

Example:

int a = 10, b = 5, c = 20;

if (a > b && c > a) {  // Logical AND

    printf("Both conditions are true\n");

}

if (a > b || a < c) {  // Logical OR

    printf("At least one condition is true\n");

}

if (!(a == b)) {  // Logical NOT

    printf("a is not equal to b\n");

}

4. Bitwise Operators:
   These operators work on the binary representation of numbers and perform bit-by-bit operations.
   List of Bitwise Operators:

   • & (Bitwise AND)

   • | (Bitwise OR)

   • ^ (Bitwise XOR)

   • ~ (Bitwise NOT)

   • << (Left Shift)

   • >> (Right Shift)

Example:
int a = 5, b = 3;

printf("a & b: %d\n", a & b);  // Bitwise AND

printf("a | b: %d\n", a | b);  // Bitwise OR

printf("a ^ b: %d\n", a ^ b);  // Bitwise XOR

printf("~a: %d\n", ~a);        // Bitwise NOT

printf("a << 1: %d\n", a << 1); // Left Shift

printf("a >> 1: %d\n", a >> 1); // Right Shift

5. Assignment Operators:
   These operators are used to assign values to variables.
   List of Assignment Operators:

   • = (Simple assignment)

   • += (Add and assign)

   • -= (Subtract and assign)

   • *= (Multiply and assign)

   • /= (Divide and assign)

   • %= (Modulus and assign)

   • &= (Bitwise AND and assign)

   • |= (Bitwise OR and assign)

   • ^= (Bitwise XOR and assign)

   • <<= (Left shift and assign)

   • >>= (Right shift and assign)

Example:
int a = 5;

a += 3;  // a = a + 3

a -= 2;  // a = a - 2

a *= 2;  // a = a * 2

a /= 2;  // a = a / 2

a %= 3;  // a = a % 3

6. Unary Operators:
   These operators work with only one operand. They can be used to increment, decrement, or get the address of a variable, etc.
   List of Unary Operators:

   • ++ (Increment)

   • -- (Decrement)

   • & (Address-of operator)

   • * (Dereference operator)

   • - (Unary minus)

   • + (Unary plus)

   • ! (Logical NOT)

Example:
int a = 5;

printf("++a: %d\n", ++a); // Increment first, then print

printf("--a: %d\n", --a); // Decrement first, then print

printf("Address of a: %p\n", &a); // Address of variable a

printf("Value at a: %d\n", *&a); // Dereferencing the address of a

7. Ternary (Conditional) Operator:
   The ternary operator is a shorthand for an if-else statement. It evaluates a condition and returns one of two values.
   Syntax:
   
   condition ? expression1 : expression2;

Example:

int a = 5, b = 10;

int result = (a > b) ? a : b;  // If a is greater than b, result will be a, otherwise b

printf("The larger number is: %d\n", result);

Comma Operator:
The comma operator allows multiple expressions to be evaluated in a single statement, where each expression is evaluated from left to right.
Syntax:

expression1, expression2, expression3, ...;

Example:

int a, b;

a = (b = 5, b + 1);  // First assigns b = 5, then evaluates b + 1, and assigns that to a

printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);

Sizeof Operator:
The sizeof operator is used to determine the size (in bytes) of a data type or a variable.
Syntax:

sizeof(data_type)

Example:

int a = 10;

printf("Size of a: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(a));  // Output the size of int variable a

printf("Size of int: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(int));  // Output the size of int data type

8. Pointer Operators:

   • Address-of Operator (&): Used to get the memory address of a variable.

   • Dereference Operator (*): Used to access the value at the address stored in a pointer.

Example:

int a = 10;

int *ptr = &a;  // Pointer to a

printf("Address of a: %p\n", &a);  // Address of variable a

printf("Value of a: %d\n", *ptr); // Dereference ptr to get the value of a

Program 1: Addition of Two Numbers

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2, sum;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    sum = num1 + num2;

    printf("The sum is: %d\n", sum);

    return 0;

}

Program 2: Subtraction of Two Numbers

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2, difference;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    difference = num1 - num2;

    printf("The difference is: %d\n", difference);

    return 0;

}

Program 3: Multiplication of Two Numbers

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2, product;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    product = num1 * num2;

    printf("The product is: %d\n", product);

    return 0;

}

Program 4: Division of Two Numbers

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    float num1, num2, quotient;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%f %f", &num1, &num2);

    if (num2 != 0) {

        quotient = num1 / num2;

        printf("The quotient is: %.2f\n", quotient);

    } else {

        printf("Division by zero is not allowed.\n");

    }

    return 0;

}

Program 5: Modulus of Two Numbers

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2, remainder;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    if (num2 != 0) {

        remainder = num1 % num2;

        printf("The remainder is: %d\n", remainder);

    } else {

        printf("Modulus by zero is not allowed.\n");

    }

    return 0;

}

Program 6: Increment and Decrement Operators

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num;

    printf("Enter a number: ");

    scanf("%d", &num);

    printf("Original value: %d\n", num);

    printf("After increment: %d\n", ++num);

    printf("After decrement: %d\n", --num);

    return 0;

}

Program 7: Compound Addition Assignment

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num, addValue;

    printf("Enter a number and a value to add: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num, &addValue);

    num += addValue;

    printf("The result after compound addition is: %d\n", num);

    return 0;

}

Program 8: Compound Multiplication Assignment

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num, multiplyValue;

    printf("Enter a number and a value to multiply: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num, &multiplyValue);

    num *= multiplyValue;

    printf("The result after compound multiplication is: %d\n", num);

    return 0;

}

Program 9: Using Arithmetic Operators Together

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    printf("Addition: %d\n", num1 + num2);

    printf("Subtraction: %d\n", num1 - num2);

    printf("Multiplication: %d\n", num1 * num2);

    if (num2 != 0) {

        printf("Division: %.2f\n", (float)num1 / num2);

        printf("Modulus: %d\n", num1 % num2);

    } else {

        printf("Division and modulus by zero are not allowed.\n");

    }

    return 0;

}

Program 10: Power Calculation

c

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#include <stdio.h>

#include <math.h>

int main() {

    double base, exponent, result;

    printf("Enter base and exponent: ");

    scanf("%lf %lf", &base, &exponent);

    result = pow(base, exponent);

    printf("%.2lf raised to the power %.2lf is: %.2lf\n", base, exponent, result);

    return 0;

}

Program 1: Equality (==) Operator

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    if (num1 == num2)

        printf("The numbers are equal.\n");

    else

        printf("The numbers are not equal.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 2: Not Equal (!=) Operator

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    if (num1 != num2)

        printf("The numbers are not equal.\n");

    else

        printf("The numbers are equal.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 3: Greater Than (>) Operator

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    if (num1 > num2)

        printf("%d is greater than %d.\n", num1, num2);

    else

        printf("%d is not greater than %d.\n", num1, num2);

    return 0;

}

Program 4: Less Than (<) Operator

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    if (num1 < num2)

        printf("%d is less than %d.\n", num1, num2);

    else

        printf("%d is not less than %d.\n", num1, num2);

    return 0;

}

Program 5: Greater Than or Equal To (>=) Operator

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    if (num1 >= num2)

        printf("%d is greater than or equal to %d.\n", num1, num2);

    else

        printf("%d is not greater than or equal to %d.\n", num1, num2);

    return 0;

}

Program 6: Less Than or Equal To (<=) Operator

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    if (num1 <= num2)

        printf("%d is less than or equal to %d.\n", num1, num2);

    else

        printf("%d is not less than or equal to %d.\n", num1, num2);

    return 0;

}

Program 7: Compare Three Numbers

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2, num3;

    printf("Enter three numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d %d", &num1, &num2, &num3);

    if (num1 > num2 && num1 > num3)

        printf("%d is the largest number.\n", num1);

    else if (num2 > num3)

        printf("%d is the largest number.\n", num2);

    else

        printf("%d is the largest number.\n", num3);

    return 0;

}

Program 8: Check if a Number is Between Two Values

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num, lower, upper;

    printf("Enter a number, lower bound, and upper bound: ");

    scanf("%d %d %d", &num, &lower, &upper);

    if (num >= lower && num <= upper)

        printf("%d is between %d and %d.\n", num, lower, upper);

    else

        printf("%d is not between %d and %d.\n", num, lower, upper);

    return 0;

}

Program 9: Check if Two Numbers are Opposite Signs

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    if ((num1 > 0 && num2 < 0) || (num1 < 0 && num2 > 0))

        printf("The numbers have opposite signs.\n");

    else

        printf("The numbers do not have opposite signs.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 10: Determine Eligibility Based on Age

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int age;

    printf("Enter your age: ");

    scanf("%d", &age);

    if (age >= 18)

        printf("You are eligible to vote.\n");

    else

        printf("You are not eligible to vote.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 1: Logical AND (&&) Operator

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    if (num1 > 0 && num2 > 0)

        printf("Both numbers are positive.\n");

    else

        printf("At least one number is not positive.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 2: Logical OR (||) Operator

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num1, num2;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

    if (num1 < 0 || num2 < 0)

        printf("At least one number is negative.\n");

    else

        printf("Both numbers are non-negative.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 3: Logical NOT (!) Operator

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num;

    printf("Enter a number: ");

    scanf("%d", &num);

    if (!(num % 2))

        printf("The number is even.\n");

    else

        printf("The number is odd.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 4: Combining Logical AND and OR

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num;

    printf("Enter a number: ");

    scanf("%d", &num);

    if (num > 0 && (num % 2 == 0 || num % 5 == 0))

        printf("The number is positive and divisible by 2 or 5.\n");

    else

        printf("The condition is not satisfied.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 5: Check Leap Year

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int year;

    printf("Enter a year: ");

    scanf("%d", &year);

    if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0))

        printf("%d is a leap year.\n", year);

    else

        printf("%d is not a leap year.\n", year);

    return 0;

}

Program 6: Logical NOT for Eligibility

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int age;

    printf("Enter your age: ");

    scanf("%d", &age);

    if (!(age < 18))

        printf("You are eligible to vote.\n");

    else

        printf("You are not eligible to vote.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 7: Check if Number is Between Two Values

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num, lower, upper;

    printf("Enter a number, lower bound, and upper bound: ");

    scanf("%d %d %d", &num, &lower, &upper);

    if (num >= lower && num <= upper)

        printf("%d is between %d and %d.\n", num, lower, upper);

    else

        printf("%d is not between %d and %d.\n", num, lower, upper);

    return 0;

}

Program 8: Logical AND for Marks Validation

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int marks;

    printf("Enter marks (0-100): ");

    scanf("%d", &marks);

    if (marks >= 0 && marks <= 100)

        printf("The marks are valid.\n");

    else

        printf("Invalid marks.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 9: Logical OR for Pass Criteria

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int marksMath, marksScience;

    printf("Enter marks for Math and Science: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &marksMath, &marksScience);

    if (marksMath >= 40 || marksScience >= 40)

        printf("You passed at least one subject.\n");

    else

        printf("You failed in both subjects.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 10: Nested Logical Operators

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int age;

    char citizen;

    printf("Enter your age and citizenship (Y/N): ");

    scanf("%d %c", &age, &citizen);

    if (age >= 18 && (citizen == 'Y' || citizen == 'y'))

        printf("You are eligible to vote.\n");

    else

        printf("You are not eligible to vote.\n");

    return 0;

}

Here are 10 live examples of programs that demonstrate the use of the conditional (ternary) operator (? :) in C programming language:

Program 1: Find the Maximum of Two Numbers

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int a, b, max;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

    max = (a > b) ? a : b;

    printf("The maximum number is: %d\n", max);

    return 0;

}

Program 2: Check if a Number is Even or Odd

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num;

    printf("Enter a number: ");

    scanf("%d", &num);

    (num % 2 == 0) ? printf("The number is even.\n") : printf("The number is odd.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 3: Check if a Number is Positive, Negative, or Zero

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num;

    printf("Enter a number: ");

    scanf("%d", &num);

    (num > 0) ? printf("The number is positive.\n") : (num < 0) ? printf("The number is negative.\n") : printf("The number is zero.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 4: Find the Smallest of Two Numbers

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int a, b, min;

    printf("Enter two numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

    min = (a < b) ? a : b;

    printf("The smallest number is: %d\n", min);

    return 0;

}

Program 5: Check Voter Eligibility

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int age;

    printf("Enter your age: ");

    scanf("%d", &age);

    (age >= 18) ? printf("You are eligible to vote.\n") : printf("You are not eligible to vote.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 6: Determine the Greater of Three Numbers

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int a, b, c, max;

    printf("Enter three numbers: ");

    scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);

    max = (a > b) ? ((a > c) ? a : c) : ((b > c) ? b : c);

    printf("The greatest number is: %d\n", max);

    return 0;

}

Program 7: Determine if a Character is a Vowel or Consonant

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    char ch;

    printf("Enter a character: ");

    scanf(" %c", &ch);

    ((ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i' || ch == 'o' || ch == 'u' || 

      ch == 'A' || ch == 'E' || ch == 'I' || ch == 'O' || ch == 'U')) 

        ? printf("The character is a vowel.\n") 

        : printf("The character is a consonant.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 8: Determine if a Number is Divisible by 5 and 11

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num;

    printf("Enter a number: ");

    scanf("%d", &num);

    (num % 5 == 0 && num % 11 == 0) ? printf("The number is divisible by 5 and 11.\n") : printf("The number is not divisible by 5 and 11.\n");

    return 0;

}

Program 9: Find the Absolute Value of a Number

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int num, absValue;

    printf("Enter a number: ");

    scanf("%d", &num);

    absValue = (num < 0) ? -num : num;

    printf("The absolute value is: %d\n", absValue);

    return 0;

}

Program 10: Assign Pass/Fail Based on Marks

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int marks;

    printf("Enter your marks: ");

    scanf("%d", &marks);

    (marks >= 40) ? printf("You passed.\n") : printf("You failed.\n");

    return 0;

}

Here are 10 live programs demonstrating the use of the address-of (&) and pointer dereference (*) operators in C:

Program 1: Display Address of a Variable

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int a = 10;

    printf("The address of a is: %p\n", (void*)&a);

    return 0;

}

Program 2: Pointer Initialization and Dereferencing

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int a = 20;

    int *ptr = &a; // Pointer points to the address of a

    printf("The value of a using pointer: %d\n", *ptr);

    return 0;

}

Program 3: Modify a Variable Using Pointer

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int a = 30;

    int *ptr = &a;

    *ptr = 50; // Modify the value of a using pointer

    printf("The updated value of a is: %d\n", a);

    return 0;

}

Program 4: Pointer Arithmetic

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40};

    int *ptr = arr; // Pointer to the first element of the array

    printf("First element: %d\n", *ptr);

    ptr++; // Move to the next element

    printf("Second element: %d\n", *ptr);

    return 0;

}

Program 5: Passing Pointer to a Function

c

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#include <stdio.h>

void modifyValue(int *x) {

    *x = 100; // Modify the value at the address pointed by x

}

int main() {

    int a = 50;

    printf("Before: a = %d\n", a);

    modifyValue(&a);

    printf("After: a = %d\n", a);

    return 0;

}

Program 6: Pointer to Pointer

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int a = 42;

    int *ptr = &a;

    int **ptr2 = &ptr; // Pointer to pointer

    printf("Value of a using ptr2: %d\n", **ptr2);

    return 0;

}

Program 7: Dynamic Memory Allocation

c

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#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {

    int *ptr = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int)); // Allocate memory

    if (ptr == NULL) {

        printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");

        return 1;

    }

    *ptr = 55; // Assign value

    printf("Value stored at allocated memory: %d\n", *ptr);

    free(ptr); // Free memory

    return 0;

}

Program 8: Pointer with Arrays

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

    int *ptr = arr; // Pointer points to the first element of the array

    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

        printf("Element %d: %d\n", i, *(ptr + i)); // Access array elements using pointer

    }

    return 0;

}

Program 9: Pointer and Const Variables

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    const int a = 100;

    const int *ptr = &a; // Pointer to a const variable

    printf("Value of a: %d\n", *ptr);

    // *ptr = 200; // Uncommenting this line will give an error since a is const

    return 0;

}

Program 10: Swapping Two Variables Using Pointers

c

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#include <stdio.h>

void swap(int *x, int *y) {

    int temp = *x;

    *x = *y;

    *y = temp;

}

int main() {

    int a = 10, b = 20;

    printf("Before swapping: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);

    swap(&a, &b);

    printf("After swapping: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);

    return 0;

}

Comma Operator Examples

Program 1: Using Comma in Variable Initialization

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int a, b, c;

    a = (b = 5, c = 10, b + c); // Multiple expressions, assigns the last value to a

    printf("a = %d\n", a);

    return 0;

}

Program 2: Using Comma in a for Loop

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    for (int i = 0, j = 10; i < 5; i++, j--) {

        printf("i = %d, j = %d\n", i, j);

    }

    return 0;

}

Program 3: Using Comma in Conditional Statement

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int a = 10, b = 20, result;

    result = (a < b, b > 15); // The result is the value of the last expression

    printf("Result: %d\n", result); // 1 because b > 15 is true

    return 0;

}

Program 4: Multiple Assignments with Comma

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int a, b, c;

    a = b = (c = 30, c + 10); // c = 30, then c + 10 is assigned to a and b

    printf("a = %d, b = %d, c = %d\n", a, b, c);

    return 0;

}

Program 5: Return Statement with Comma

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int x = 10, y = 20;

    return (printf("x = %d, y = %d\n", x, y), 0); // Executes printf and then returns 0

}

sizeof Operator Examples

Program 6: Using sizeof with Basic Data Types

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    printf("Size of int: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(int));

    printf("Size of char: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(char));

    printf("Size of float: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(float));

    printf("Size of double: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(double));

    return 0;

}

Program 7: Using sizeof with Variables

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int a = 10;

    float b = 20.5;

    printf("Size of variable a: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(a));

    printf("Size of variable b: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(b));

    return 0;

}

Program 8: Using sizeof with Arrays

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

    printf("Size of array: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(arr));

    printf("Number of elements in array: %zu\n", sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]));

    return 0;

}

Program 9: Using sizeof with Pointers

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int *ptr;

    char *cptr;

    printf("Size of int pointer: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(ptr));

    printf("Size of char pointer: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(cptr));

    return 0;

}

Program 10: Using sizeof with Expressions

c

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    int a = 10, b = 20;

    printf("Size of a + b: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(a + b)); // Evaluates the size of the result

    printf("Size of (a > b): %zu bytes\n", sizeof(a > b)); // Evaluates the size of the comparison result

    return 0;

}

Here are live examples of C programs demonstrating each category of operator in C programming:

1. Arithmetic Operators

int main() {

    int a = 10, b = 3;

    printf("Addition: %d\n", a + b);        // Output: 13

    printf("Subtraction: %d\n", a - b);     // Output: 7

    printf("Multiplication: %d\n", a * b);  // Output: 30

    printf("Division: %d\n", a / b);        // Output: 3

    printf("Modulus: %d\n", a % b);         // Output: 1

    return 0;

}

2. Relational Operators

int main() {

    int a = 5, b = 10;

    printf("a == b: %d\n", a == b); // Output: 0 (false)

    printf("a != b: %d\n", a != b); // Output: 1 (true)

    printf("a < b: %d\n", a < b);   // Output: 1 (true)

    printf("a > b: %d\n", a > b);   // Output: 0 (false)

    printf("a <= b: %d\n", a <= b); // Output: 1 (true)

    printf("a >= b: %d\n", a >= b); // Output: 0 (false)

    return 0;

}

3. Logical Operators

int main() {

    int a = 5, b = 10;

    printf("Logical AND (a > 0 && b > 0): %d\n", (a > 0) && (b > 0)); // Output: 1

    printf("Logical OR (a > 0 || b < 0): %d\n", (a > 0) || (b < 0));  // Output: 1

    printf("Logical NOT (!(a > 0)): %d\n", !(a > 0));                 // Output: 0

    return 0;

}

4. Bitwise Operators

int main() {

    int a = 5, b = 3;

    printf("Bitwise AND (a & b): %d\n", a & b);   // Output: 1

    printf("Bitwise OR (a | b): %d\n", a | b);    // Output: 7

    printf("Bitwise XOR (a ^ b): %d\n", a ^ b);   // Output: 6

    printf("Bitwise NOT (~a): %d\n", ~a);         // Output: -6

    printf("Left shift (a << 1): %d\n", a << 1);  // Output: 10

    printf("Right shift (a >> 1): %d\n", a >> 1); // Output: 2

    return 0;

}

5. Assignment Operators

int main() {

    int a = 5, b = 3;

    a += b; // a = a + b

    printf("a += b: %d\n", a); // Output: 8

    a -= b; // a = a - b

    printf("a -= b: %d\n", a); // Output: 5

    a *= b; // a = a * b

    printf("a *= b: %d\n", a); // Output: 15

    a /= b; // a = a / b

    printf("a /= b: %d\n", a); // Output: 5

    a %= b; // a = a % b

    printf("a %%= b: %d\n", a); // Output: 2

    return 0;

}

6. Conditional (Ternary) Operator

int main() {

    int a = 5, b = 10;

    int max = (a > b) ? a : b;

    printf("Maximum: %d\n", max); // Output: 10

    return 0;

}

7. Increment and Decrement Operators

int main() {

    int a = 5;

    printf("Initial a: %d\n", a);    // Output: 5

    printf("Post-increment: %d\n", a++); // Output: 5

    printf("After post-increment, a: %d\n", a); // Output: 6

    printf("Pre-increment: %d\n", ++a); // Output: 7

    printf("Post-decrement: %d\n", a--); // Output: 7

    printf("After post-decrement, a: %d\n", a); // Output: 6

    printf("Pre-decrement: %d\n", --a); // Output: 5

    return 0;

}

8. Special Operators

a) sizeof Operator

int main() {

    int a = 5;

    printf("Size of int: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(int));   // Output: size of int in bytes

    printf("Size of variable a: %zu bytes\n", sizeof(a)); // Output: size of a in bytes

    return 0;

}

b) Address (&) and Pointer Dereference (*) Operators

int main() {

    int a = 5;

    int *ptr = &a;

    printf("Address of a: %p\n", (void*)&a); // Output: memory address of a

    printf("Value of a using pointer: %d\n", *ptr); // Output: 5

    return 0;

}

c) Comma Operator

int main() {

    int a = (5, 10); // Sets a to 10, the last expression's value

    int x, y, z;

    x = 1, y = 2, z = 3; // Comma as a separator

    printf("a: %d, x: %d, y: %d, z: %d\n", a, x, y, z); // Output: 10, 1, 2, 3

    return 0;

}