The origins of Go are shrouded in the mists of ancient Chinese history, but the game is thought to have originated at least 2500 - 4000 years ago. It is the oldest game still played in its original form.

Some say that the board, with ten points out from the center in all directions, may have originally served as a forerunner to the abacus. Others think it may have been a fortune-telling device, with black and white stones representing yin and yang, opposing elements that comprise the universe according to Taoism. A prominent legend holds that the sage-king Yao created the game to teach his rebellious son discipline.

By 400-300 B.C., Chinese scholars such as Confucius were writing about wei-chi (a Chinese name for the game) to illustrate correct thinking about filial piety and human nature. By the 1600's it had become one of the "Four Accomplishments" (along with calligraphy, painting, and playing the lute) that must be mastered by the Chinese gentleman. This kind of sanctified thinking about the game has inspired people to play for millennia.

Wei-chi, also written as wei-ch'i or weiqi, entered Korean and Japanese culture through trade and other contact between countries in the first millennium A.D. In ancient Chinese art, noblemen (and noblewomen!) can occasionally be found playing go.

Japan's Four Go Schools

We know that Go was present in Japan at least since 1000 A.D., since the game figures peripherally in Murasaki's The Tale of Genji, but it took a giant leap forward there in the 1600s. When the warlord Tokugawa unified Japan in 1602, he decreed that four schools of Go would be established. Each year representatives of the schools would play in a "Castle Game" series, and the winner would hold the Cabinet-level position of go-doroko (Minister of Go) for the following year. This system raised go to a new level of skill and popularity.

With the Meiji restoration in the late 1800s, Go fell into a period of relative decline in Japan, but it was brought back to life in the 1920s with the formation of the Japan Go Association. Newspapers began to sponsor tournaments, a professional system was established, and today there are more than a dozen major titles, with columns and game analysis every day in the major newspapers. Top Japanese Go players are major celebrities.

Chinese Revival

The long, rich story of Chinese Go is well covered in John Fairbairn's web page on Go in Ancient China. During the Cultural Revolution, go was discouraged as a "bourgeois pastime," and players had to meet in secret.

In 1978 a Chinese professional system was established, and in 1984 began the Japan-China Super Go Series, an annual event where each country's top players faced off in a knockout format. Chinese player Jiang Zhu-jiu shocked the world of go by defeating five top Japanese professionals in a row. Chinese players continued to dominate the series, until it was eliminated in 2001.

Korean Pro System

The Korean professional system was established in the 1950s, when Cho Nam-choel returned from professional training in Japan. Today Go (baduk in Korean) is more popular in Korea than anywhere else in the world. It is estimated that from five to ten percent of the population plays regularly.

As in Japan, there are many newspaper-sponsored tournaments with a large, devoted following. In recent years, some of the top Korean players have scored impressive victories in international competition. Today there is little doubt that some of the world's strongest players live and play in Korea.

The Modern Era of International Go

As recently as the 1970s, formal games between Go masters from different countries were practically unheard of. The years since then have seen a historic proliferation of international championships, where the great players from Japan, China, Korea and elsewhere compete to be seen as the world's best player. The World Ing Cup, a quadrennial event with $400,000 in prizes, tops the list. Annual events include the Fujitsu Cup and the Samsung Cup.

Other world championships on the amateur level include the World Amateur Go Championship, sponsored by the International Go Federation; the World Youth Goe Championship, sponsored by the Taipei-based Ing Chang-ki Wei-ch'i Educational Foundation; the IGF-sponsored World Women's Championship; and the World Pairs Go Championship for male-female teams, sponsored by the La-La-La Go Club in Japan. The American Go Association selects U.S. representatives for these events.

Computers Gain the Upper Hand

When IBM's Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov it 1997, it sent a shockwave through the world of computer science. Almost anything seemed possible - except attaining comparable mastery of Go. Deep Blue defeated Kasparov using brute force - it simply read through every possible variation and selected one that would result in the capture of one of the opponent's pieces. That didn't work with Go, which is more complicated by many orders of magnitude. At the start of a chess game, each player can select of 20 possible moves. A Go player has 361 options. Chess games become simpler as pieces are captured, but Go games become more complicated with every turn as more pieces are dded to the board. Some Go games end without the capture of a single stone. "Solving" Go became the dream of every programmer. For a quaint walk down memory lane, check out Peter Shotwell's 2010 account. A few short years late, as documented in AlphaGo, Google's Deep Mind achieved the seemingly impossible, defeating Lee Chang-ho, considered the world's strongest player at that time. As of 2026, the strongest programs were giving top pros two or three stone handicaps.

Go in America

The earliest Go players in North America were probably Chinese workers toiling on the transcontinental railroad in the mid-1800s, but if so the game did not attract notice outside the Chinese-American community.

Go first came to the attention of Westerners in the early 1900s when a group of German mathematicians and game players stumbled upon it, including Otto Korschelt and Edward Lasker, a cousin of the legendary chess legend Emanuel Lasker and himself a well-known top player. With Lee Hartmann (editor of Harper's magazine) and a few others, Lasker formed the American Go Association in New York in 1937.

Today, with over 2500 members, the American Go Association remains a small, tight-knit national community that generally greets a new player as a long-lost member of the family. With over 100 chapters, they may have one near you. 

To learn more about the fascinating cultural and historical aspects of go, visit The AGF Library.

Many thanks to Peter Shotwell for his assistance in preparing this page.