Complete Linux Security Amp; Hardening With Practical Examples Extra Quality Free Download

As such, many companies supporting and selling servers and workstations to the DoD are turning to advanced system hardening tools and best practices to improve the security of their servers and other computer systems, oftentimes as a prerequisite for doing business with the DoD.

Database hardening involves securing both the contents of a digital database and the database management system (DBMS), which is the database application users interact with to store and analyze information within a database.

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Securing systems and OS hardening is a first step in achieving application availability and data protection. Generally speaking, Oracle Linux is configured out of the box with settings and utilities that make it "secure by default." In addition to these default settings, this article gives system administrators some additional strategies to consider.

It is also very effective to combine the mnemonic and random technique by saving long randomly generated passwords with a password manager, which will be in turn accessed with a memorable "master password"/primary password that must be used only for that purpose. The master password must be memorized and never saved. This requires the password manager to be installed on a system to easily access the password (which could be seen as an inconvenience or a security feature, depending on the situation). Some password managers also have smartphone apps which can be used to display passwords for manual entry on systems without that password manager installed (if that is a common use case, you could still use easily typeable but secure passwords for each service instead of completely random ones, see below). Note that a password manager introduces a single point of failure if you ever forget the master password. Some password managers compute the contained passwords based on the master password and the service name where you want to log in instead of encrypting them, making it possible to use it on a new system without syncing any data.

The linux-hardened package uses a basic kernel hardening patch set and more security-focused compile-time configuration options than the linux package. A custom build can be made to choose a different compromise between security and performance than the security-leaning defaults.

The default Arch kernel has CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_ALL enabled, which signs all kernel modules built as part of the linux package. This allows the kernel to only load modules signed with a valid key, i.e. out-of-tree modules compiled locally or provided by packages such as virtualbox-host-modules-arch cannot be loaded.

Packages can be rebuilt and stripped of undesired functions and features as a means to reduce attack surface. For example, bzip2 can be rebuilt without bzip2recover in an attempt to circumvent CVE-2016-3189. Custom hardening flags can also be applied either manually or via a wrapper.

Security hardening doesn't consider the functionality of the workload, and it doesn't detect threats or perform automated scanning. Security hardening focuses on configuration tuning with an assume-breach and defense-in-depth mentality. The goal is to make it difficult for an attacker to gain control of a system. Hardening shouldn't alter the intended utility of a workload or its operations.

Lynis is a battle-tested security tool for systems running Linux, macOS, or Unix-based operating system. It performs an extensive health scan of your systems to support system hardening and compliance testing. The project is open source software with the GPL license and available since 2007.

Ravi, your article does not even touch the surface of linux hardening. Even distros where syslinux is not available can be maintained in many ways not mentioned in article. Starting from file system encryption and ending on warnings about specific services (i.e. mail servers should be tested for open relay, web servers should be kept in chrooted environment etc. etc.)

This is an excellent article for someone new to Linux, I have a question with regard to No 3 how do I know what is needed and what is not, as I have quite few services running. Playing around with owncloud as a practical introduction to Linux.

The hardening checklists are based on the comprehensive checklists produced by CIS. The Information Security Office has distilled the CIS lists down to the most critical steps for your systems, with a particular focus on configuration issues that are unique to the computing environment at The University of Texas at Austin.

Check whether logins to other terminals will be rejected for root. A login on tty2, for example, should be rejected immediately, without even querying the account password. Also make sure that you can still successfully login to tty1 and thus that root is not locked out of the system completely.

The most recent version of the Kubernetes hardening guidance was released in August 2022 with corrections and clarifications. Version 1.2 outlines a number of recommendations for hardening Kubernetes clusters.

However, none of these cases will have as severe an impact as a containerrunning as root being able to escape as a root user on the host, which can providean attacker with complete control of the worker node, further allowing lateralmovement to other worker or control plane nodes.

GIAC certification attempts will be activated in your GIAC account after your application has been approved and according to the terms of your purchase. Details on delivery will be provided along with your registration confirmation upon payment. You will receive an email notification when your certification attempt has been activated in your account. You will have 120 days from the date of activation to complete your certification attempt.

These courses cover a wide range of Linux topics, from beginner to advanced levels, and include hands-on exercises, real-life examples, and practical projects. When choosing a course, consider your current knowledge level, specific areas of interest, and the skills you want to acquire.

Cisco IOS software provides functionality in order to specifically filter ICMP messages by name or type and code. This example ACL, which must be used with the access control entries (ACEs) from previous examples, allows pings from trusted management stations and NMS servers and blocks all other ICMP packets:

In this example configuration, if a TCP packet destined to 192.168.1.1 on port 22 is fragmented in transit, the initial fragment is dropped as expected by the second ACE based on the Layer 4 information within the packet. However, all remaining (non-initial) fragments are allowed by the first ACE based completely on the Layer 3 information in the packet and ACE. This scenario is shown in this configuration:

Due to the nonintuitive nature of fragment handling, IP fragments are often inadvertently permitted by ACLs. Fragmentation is also often used in attempts to evade detection by intrusion detection systems. It is for these reasons that IP fragments are often used in attacks, and why they must be explicitly filtered at the top of any configured iACLs. This example ACL includes comprehensive filtering of IP fragments. The functionality from this example must be used in conjunction with the functionality of the previous examples.

For user authentication, RSA-based user authentication uses a private/public key pair associated with each user for authentication. The user must generate a private/public key pair on the client and configure a public key on the Cisco IOS SSH server in order to complete the authentication.

A vty line is used for all other remote network connections supported by the device, regardless of protocol (SSH, SCP, or Telnet are examples). In order to ensure that a device can be accessed via a local or remote management session, proper controls must be enforced on both vty and tty lines. Cisco IOS devices have a limited number of vty lines; the number of lines available can be determined with the show line EXEC command. When all vty lines are in use, new management sessions cannot be established, which creates a DoS condition for access to the device.

The complete list of options for on-device authentication includes enable, local, and line. Each of these options has advantages. The use of the enable secret is preferred because the secret is hashed with a one-way algorithm that is inherently more secure than the encryption algorithm that is used with the Type 7 passwords for line or local authentication.

By adding MD5 hash capabilities to the authentication process, routing updates no longer contain cleartext passwords, and the entire contents of the routing update is more resistant to tampering. However, MD5 authentication is still susceptible to brute force and dictionary attacks if weak passwords are chosen. You are advised to use passwords with sufficient randomization. Since MD5 authentication is much more secure when compared to password authentication, these examples are specific to MD5 authentication. IPSec can also be used in order to validate and secure routing protocols, but these examples do not detail its use.

Because of the nonintuitive nature of fragment handling, IP fragments are often inadvertently permitted by ACLs. Fragmentation is also often used in attempts to evade detection by intrusion detection systems. It is for these reasons that IP fragments are often used in attacks and should be explicitly filtered at the top of any configured tACLs. The ACL below includes comprehensive filtering of IP fragments. The functionality illustrated in this example must be used in conjunction with the functionality of the previous examples: ff782bc1db