The information on this site was generated as part of a scoping study conducted to review the research literature on community and connectedness in online higher education.
Abdelmalak, M. M. M. (2015). Web 2.0 Technologies and Building Online Learning Communities: Students' Perspectives. Online Learning, 19(2).
Armstrong, S. N., Early, J. O., Burcin, M. M., Bolin, K., Holland, N., & No, S. (2018). New Media Tools Impact on Online, Health Science Students' Academic Persistence and Support: Lessons Learned from Two Pilot Studies. TechTrends, 62(3), 266-275.
Ashton, J. (2014). Using Multimedia to Build a Sense of Community with Online Distance Learners. Journal of Instructional Research, 3, 97-106.
Erdem Aydin, I., & Gumus, S. (2016). Sense of classroom community and team development process in online learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 17(1), 60-77.
Baranik, L. E., Wright, N. A., & Reburn, K. L. (2017). Mentoring relationships in online classes. Internet & Higher Education, 34, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.05.001
Baturay, M. H. (2011). Relationships among Sense of Classroom Community, Perceived Cognitive Learning and Satisfaction of Students at an E-Learning Course. Interactive Learning Environments, 19(5), 563-575.
Berry, S. (2017a). Student support networks in online doctoral programs: Exploring nested communities. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 12, 33-48. https://doi.org/10.28945/3676
Berry, S. (2017b). Building Community in Online Doctoral Classrooms: Instructor Practices That Support Community. Online Learning, 21(2).
Berry, S. (2018). Building Community in an Online Graduate Program: Exploring the Role of an In-Person Orientation. Qualitative Report, 23(7), 1673-1687.
Bikowski, D. (2007). Internet Relationships: Building Learning Communities through Friendship. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 6(2), 131-141.
Black, E. W., Dawson, K., & Priem, J. (2008). Data for Free: Using LMS Activity Logs to Measure Community in Online Courses. Internet and Higher Education, 11(2), 65-70.
Blackmon, S. J., & Cullen, T. A. (2016). Students' Experiences with Community in an Open Access Course. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning, 10(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.20429/ijsotl.2016.100209
Blankenship, J. C., & Gibson, R. (2016). Learning Alone, Together: Closed-Cohort Structure in an Online Journalism and Mass Communication Graduate Program. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 71(4), 425-439.
Bolliger, D. U., & Shepherd, C. E. (2010). Student perceptions of ePortfolio integration in online courses. Distance Education, 31(3), 295-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2010.513955
Bolliger, D. U., & Armier, D. D. (2013). Active learning in the online environment: The integration of student-generated audio files. Active Learning in Higher Education, 14(3), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787413498032
Byrd, J. C. (2016). Understanding the Online Doctoral Learning Experience: Factors That Contribute to Students' Sense of Community. Journal of Educators Online, 13(2), 102-135.
Cameron, B. A., Morgan, K., Williams, K. C., & Kostelecky, K. L. (2009). Group Projects: Student Perceptions of the Relationship between Social Tasks and a Sense of Community in Online Group Work. American Journal of Distance Education, 23(1), 20-33.
Cho, M.-H., Demei, S., & Laffey, J. (2010). Relationships between Self-Regulation and Social Experiences in Asynchronous Online Learning Environments. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 21(3), 297-316.
Drouin, M. A. (2008). The Relationship between Students' Perceived Sense of Community and Satisfaction, Achievement, and Retention in an Online Course. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 9(3), 267-284.
Epp, C. D., Phirangee, K., & Hewitt, J. (2017). Student Actions and Community in Online Courses: The Roles Played by Course Length and Facilitation Method [Article]. Online Learning, 21(4), 53-77. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v21i4.1269
Gallagher-Lepak, S., Reilly, J., & Killion, C. M. (2009). Nursing student perceptions of community in online learning [Article]. Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession, 32(1-2), 133-146. https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.32.1-2.133
Glazer, H. R., & Wanstreet, C. E. (2011). Connection to the academic community: Perceptions of students in online education. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 12(1), 55-62.
Green, T., Hoffmann, M., Donovan, L., & Phuntsog, N. (2017). Cultural Communication Characteristics and Student Connectedness in an Online Environment: Perceptions and Preferences of Online Graduate Students. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education, 32(2), 1-27.
Hall, A., & Herrington, J. (2010). The development of social presence in online Arabic learning communities [Article]. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 26(7), 1012-1027. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.1031
Jiang, W. (2017). Interdependence of roles, role rotation, and sense of community in an online course [Article]. Distance Education, 38(1), 84-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2017.1299564
Kocdar, S., Karadeniz, A., & Goksel, N. (2018). Using Facebook for Leveraging Sense of Community in Self-Paced Open and Distance Learning Courses [Article]. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 13(5), 100-116. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i05.8192
LaBarbera, R. (2013). The relationship between students' perceived sense of connectedness to the instructor and satisfaction in online courses. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 14(4), 209-220.
Lamport, M. A., & Bartolo, P. J. (2012). Student Perceptions of Online Instructional Practices that Enhance Connectedness: Themes Toward the Development of an Instrument. Journal of Instructional Research, 1, 23-33.
Lewis, K., McVay-Dyche, J., Chen, H., & Soto, T. (2015). Examining sense of community among medical professionals in an online graduate program. The Journal of Educators Online, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.9743/JEO.2015.1.8
Liu, X., Magjuka, R. J., Bonk, C. J., & Lee, S.-h. (2007). Does Sense of Community Matter? An Examination of Participants' Perceptions of Building Learning Communities in Online Courses. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 8(1), 9-24.
Moisey, S. D., Neu, C., & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2008). Community Building and Computer-Mediated Conferencing [Article]. Journal of Distance Education, 22(2), 15-42.
Oliphant, T., & Branch-Mueller, J. (2016). Developing a sense of community and the online student experience. Education for Information, 32(4), 307-321. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-160979
Ouzts, K. (2006). Sense of community in online courses. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 7(3), 285-296.
Phirangee, K. (2016). Students' Perceptions of Learner-Learner Interactions that Weaken a Sense of Community in an Online Learning Environment. Online Learning, 20(4), 13-33.
Phirangee, K., Epp, C. D., & Hewitt, J. (2016). Exploring the Relationships between Facilitation Methods, Students' Sense of Community, and Their Online Behaviors. Online Learning, 20(2), 76-96. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v20i2.775
Riccio, P. A. (2015). Predictors of improvement in critical thinking skills among nursing students in an online graduate nursing research course. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 3(9), 606–609. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2015.030904
Rockinson-Szapkiw, A. J. (2012a). Should Online Doctoral Instructors Adopt Audio Feedback as an Instructional Strategy? Preliminary Evidence. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 7, 245-258. https://doi.org/10.28945/1595
Rockinson-Szapkiw, A. J. (2012b). Investigating uses and perceptions of an online collaborative workspace for the dissertation process. Research in Learning Technology, 20(3), 267-282. https://doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v20i0.18192
Rockinson-Szapkiw, A. J. (2012c). The influence of computer-mediated communication systems on community. E-Learning and Digital Media, 9(1), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2012.9.1.83
Rockinson-Szapkiw, A. J., Heuvelman-Hutchinson, L., & Spaulding, L. (2014). Connecting Online: Can Social Networking and other Technology Support Doctoral Connectedness?. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 11(3), 1-13.
Rovai, A. P. (2001a). Building Classroom Community at a Distance: A Case Study. Educational Technology Research and Development, 49(4), 33-48.
Rovai, A. P. (2001b). Classroom Community at a Distance: A Comparative Analysis of Two ALN-Based University Programs. Internet and Higher Education, 4(2), 105-118.
Rovai, A. P. (2002). Sense of community, perceived cognitive learning, and persistence in asynchronous learning networks. Internet & Higher Education, 5(4), 319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7516(02)00130-6
Rovai, A. P. (2003a). Strategies for Grading Online Discussions: Effects on Discussions and Classroom Community in Internet-Based University Courses. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 15(1), 89-107.
Rovai, A. P. (2003b). The relationships of communicator style, personality-based learning style, and classroom community among online graduate students. Internet & Higher Education, 6(4), 347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2003.07.004
Rovai, A. P., & Baker, J. D. (2005). Gender Differences in Online Learning: Sense of Community, Perceived Learning, and Interpersonal Interactions. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 6(1), 31-44.
Rovai, A. P., & Gallien, L. B. (2005). Learning and sense of community: A comparative analysis of African American and caucasian online graduate students. Journal of Negro Education, 74(1), 53-62.
Rovai, A. P., & Wighting, M. J. (2005). Feelings of alienation and community among higher education students in a virtual classroom. Internet & Higher Education, 8(2), 97-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2005.03.001
Santos, I., & Hammond, M. (2007). Learning Community or Community-Minded Learning Group? A Case Study of an Online Course. Journal of Internet Commerce, 6(2), 51-72. https://doi.org/10.1300/J179v06n02_05
Schroeder, S., Baker, M., Terras, K., Mahar, P., & Chiasson, K. (2016). Students' Desired and Experienced Levels of Connectivity to an Asynchronous, Online, Distance Degree Program. Online Learning, 20(3), 244-263.
Shackelford, J. L., & Maxwell, M. (2012). Sense of Community in Graduate Online Education: Contribution of Learner to Learner Interaction. International Review of Research in Open & Distance Learning, 13(4), 228-249. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v13i4.1339
Shen, D., Nuankhieo, P., Huang, X., Amelung, C., & Laffey, J. (2008). Using Social Network Analysis to Understand Sense of Community in an Online Learning Environment. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 39(1), 17-36.
Smith, N. V., Erlam, C., Quirke, N., & Sylvester, G. (2014). Establishing a Sense of Connectedness Amongst Theology Students in Distance Education. Journal of Open, Flexible and Distance Learning, 18(2), 11-28.
Terrell, S. R., Snyder, M. M., & Dringus, L. P. (2009). The Development, Validation, and Application of the Doctoral Student Connectedness Scale". Internet and Higher Education, 12(2), 112-116.
Thurston, A. (2005). Building Online Learning Communities. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 14(3), 353-369.
Trespalacios, J., & Perkins, R. (2016). Sense of community, perceived learning, and achievement relationships in an online graduate course. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education (TOJDE), 17(3), 31-49.
Tsai, I. C., Tung, I. P., & Laffey, J. (2013). Exploring the impact of students' motivation and self-regulation on the social nature of online learning experiences. International Journal of Learning Technology, 8(1), 86-108. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLT.2013.052833
Tsai, I. C., Laffey, J. M., & Hanuscin, D. (2010). Effectiveness of an Online Community of Practice for Learning to Teach Elementary Science. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 43(2), 225-258. https://doi.org/10.2190/EC.43.2.e
Tsai, I. C. (2012). Understanding Social Nature of an Online Community of Practice for Learning to Teach. Educational Technology & Society, 15(2), 271-285.
Tsai, I. C., Bosung, K., Pei-Ju, L., Goggins, S. P., Kumalasari, C., & Laffey, J. M. (2008). Building a Model Explaining the Social Nature of Online Learning. Journal of Educational Technology & Society,11(3), 198-215.
Vavala, R. V., Namuth-Covert, D., Haines, C., Lee, D. J., King, J. W., & Speth, C. (2010). Community in Three Undergraduate University Science Courses: An Analysis of Student Perception [Article]. Journal of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Education, 39(1), 157-164. https://doi.org/10.4195/jnrlse.2009.0039u
Wang, S-K. (2008). The effects of a synchronous communication tool (Yahoo messenger) on online learners’ sense of community and their multimedia authoring skills. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 7(1), 59-74.
West, E., Jones, P., & Semon, S. (2012). Promoting Community for Online Learners in Special Education. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 28(3), 108-116.
Woods, R., & Ebersole, S. (2003). Using Non-Subject-Matter-Specific Discussion Boards to Build Connectedness in Online Learning. American Journal of Distance Education, 17(2), 99-118.
Yang, H. H., & Liu, Y. (2008). Building a sense of community for text-based computer-mediated communication courses. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 36(4), 393–413. https://doi.org/10.2190/ET.36.4.d
Yang, Y., Cho, Y. J., & Watson, A. (2015). Classroom Motivational Climate in Online and Face-to-Face Undergraduate Courses: The Interplay of Gender and Course Format. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education, 30(1).