The outcome is important, explained Joshua Lambert, associate professor of food science, because nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a significant global health problem that is expected to worsen. Because of the high prevalence of risk factors such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease is forecast to afflict more than 100 million people by 2030. And there are currently no validated therapies for the disease.
In the study, mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks that consumed green tea extract and exercised regularly by running on a wheel were found to have just a quarter of the lipid deposits in their livers compared to those seen in the livers of a control group of mice. Mice that were treated with green tea extract alone or exercise alone had roughly half as much fat in their livers as the control group.
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In addition to analyzing the liver tissues of mice in the study, which was published recently in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, researchers also measured the protein and fat content in their feces. They found that the mice that consumed green tea extract and exercised had higher fecal lipid and protein levels.
"By examining the livers of these mice after the study concluded and by screening their feces during the research, we saw that the mice that consumed green tea extract and exercised actually were processing nutrients differently -- their bodies were handling food differently," Lambert said.
"We think the polyphenols in green tea interact with digestive enzymes secreted in the small intestine and partially inhibit the breakdown of carbohydrates, fat and protein in food," he added. "So, if a mouse doesn't digest the fat in its diet, that fat and the calories associated with it pass through the mouse's digestive system, and a certain amount of it ends up coming out in its feces."
It may be significant, Lambert explained, that mice treated with both green tea extract and exercise had higher expression of genes related to the formation of new mitochondria. That gene expression is important, he said, because it provides markers that will help researchers understand the mechanism by which green tea polyphenols and exercise might work together to mitigate fatty liver deposits.
"We measured the expression of genes that we know are related to energy metabolism and play an important role in energy utilization," Lambert said. "In the mice that had the combination treatment, we saw an increase in the expression of genes that wasn't there before they consumed green tea extract and exercised."
More research is needed to see if there is a synergy created by green tea extract and exercise working together to reduce fat deposited in the liver, or if the effects are simply additive, Lambert pointed out. His research group in the College of Agricultural Sciences for 12 years has studied the health benefits of polyphenols -- often called antioxidants -- from green tea, cocoa, avocados and other sources.
In previous related research, Lambert and colleagues demonstrated that green tea extract and exercise together sharply reduced body mass and improved cardiovascular health of high-fat-fed mice. But because no human trials assessing the health benefits and risks of green tea combined with exercise have been conducted, he urges caution for people who decide to experiment with the health strategy on their own.
"I believe people should engage in more physical activity, and replacing high-calorie beverages with decaffeinated, diet green tea -- which has no calories -- is a smart move," he said. "Combining the two might have health benefits for people, but we don't have the clinical data yet."
After building a foundation in chemical science, BS/MFS students take courses in a variety of topics to prepare for careers in crime scene investigation and analysis. Class material includes examining arson accelerants and textile fibers, examining the effects of drug abuse on users, practicing infrared spectrometry, tracing evidence and assessing court testimony.
If you look inside a computer or TV screen, you'll see they contain only three colors of light: red, green and blue. The three specific cone cells in our eyes work together, allowing us to translate these three colors of light into millions of different colors.
When red and blue light are combined, the result is magenta. When green and blue light are combined, they make cyan. Red and green light make yellow. And when all three primary colors of light are combined, we see white light.
Methods and study design: Healthy women 1-10 years post-menopause were randomly allocated to group A (n=16) or B (n=17) for a 16-week crossover trial. Two consecutive 6-week treatment periods had a 2-week lead-in period at intervention commencement and a 2-week washout period between treatments. Treatments prescribed either (1) daily isoflavone supplementation (50 mg/day aglycone daidzein and genistein) alone, or (2) with two green kiwifruit. At treatment baseline and end-point (four time points) the serum bone markers C Telopeptide of Type I collagen (CTx), undercarboxylated os-teocalcin (unOC), and serum and urinary daidzein and equol, were measured. Changes in gut microflora were monitored in a subgroup of the women.
Conclusions: 50 mg/day isoflavones did not reduce bone resorption but kiwifruit and isoflavone consumption decreased serum ucOC levels, possibly due to vitamin K1 and/or other bioactive components of green kiwifruit.
The Department of Chemistry offers a dual bachelor of science with a major in chemistry and master of science in the field of environmental and green chemistry degree program. The program allows students to take 6 graduate credits as part of their undergraduate program, thereby decreasing the number of credits normally required for the master's degree. All requirements for both degrees must be fulfilled.
Aim: The present study aims to evaluate in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial effects of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) green synthesized by Capparis spinosa fruit extract alone and combined with meglumine antimoniate (MA).
Methods: CuNPs were green synthesized by C. spinosa methanolic extract. The in vitro antileishmanial activity of CuNPs (10-200 g/mL) or MA alone (10-200 g/mL), and various concentrations of MA (10-200 g/mL) along with 20 g/mL of CuNPs, was assessed against the Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) amastigote forms and, then tested on cutaneous leishmaniasis induced in male BALB/c mice by L. major. Moreover, infectivity rate, nitric oxide (NO) production, and cytotoxic effects of CuNPs on J774-A1 cells were evaluated.
Results: Scanning electron microscopy showed that the particle size of CuNPs was 17 to 41 nm. The results demonstrated that CuNPs, especially combined with MA, significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited the growth rate of L. major amastigotes and triggered the production of NO (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. CuNPs also had no significant cytotoxicity in J774 cells. The mean number of parasites was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the infected mice treated with CuNPs, especially combined with MA in a dose-dependent response. The mean diameter of the lesions decreased by 43 and 58 mm after the treatment with concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/mL of CuNPs, respectively.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrated the high potency and synergistic effect of CuNPs alone and combined with MA in inhibiting the growth of amastigote forms of L. major, as well as recovery and improving cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) induced by L. major in BALB/c mice. Additionally, supplementary studies, especially in clinical settings, are required.
One of the most widely consumed beverages in Asia is green tea, which is derived from the tea plant Camellia sinensis. Green tea has several physiological functions, including anti-inflammatory9, antibacterial10, antiangiogenic11, antioxidant12, antiviral13, and neuroprotective effects14. Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), which is the major catechin in green tea, is the most abundant polyphenol in tea leaves and reportedly exerts anticancer15, anti-inflammatory16, antidiabetic17, antiatherosclerotic18, and fat- and weight-reducing effects19. However, a clinical trial revealed that the antiobesity effect is not prominent unless EGCG is consumed in very high quantities (at least 300 mg/day)20.
According to the Osaki cohort study, consumption of both green tea and citrus fruits daily can reduce the incidence of cancer21. Metabolic profiling-based data mining showed that eriodictyol, a type of citrus polyphenol, enhances the anticancer effect of EGCG22. In mice fed with high-fat/high-sucrose diet, green tea and eriodictyol combination prevented weight gain and reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels23. These studies suggest that the function of EGCG can be enhanced by simultaneous intake of citrus polyphenols. However, the combined effect of green tea and citrus-derived polyphenols has not been verified in human trials.
The combined effects of food components have been extensively analyzed in cell and animal experiments. For example, the combination of green tea and eriodictyol reduced body weight and LDL cholesterol levels in obesity-induced mice23. Furthermore, the combination of resveratrol and quercetin attenuated obesity and modulated gut microbiota in rats33. However, most of the studies demonstrated murine and cellular experiments. The present study revealed the combined effects of food components that have rarely been clarified in clinical practice, thereby providing valuable information in clinical nutrition.
This study included 60 healthy Japanese males and females who were between 30 and 75 years of age and were not regular green tea consumers. Their body mass index (BMI) and LDL cholesterol values were between 23 and 30 kg/m2 and between 100 and 140 mg/dL, respectively. ff782bc1db
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