COLLECTION OF ORAL HISTORIES: THE INTERNET

For individuals to gain a proper understanding of history, it is imperative to discover oral histories that are rarely told and broadcast them worldwide.

On this webpage, you will gain a deeper insight into the issue of preservation of oral histories, an overview of the history of the internet, and the impact of having at-home internet. Alongside that, you will hear a podcast from 3 interviewees and their unique experiences with the Internet regarding their individual identities. Enjoy!

HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF ORAL HISTORIES

The Issue of Preservation for the Oral Histories of Institutionally Marginalized Communities

Historically, preservation has been a significant issue largely due to systematically discriminatory actions that have diminished the voices of marginalized communities. Without those voices, it is challenging to gain a clear insight into the realities of the events that have preceded the current state of the world. Unfortunately, many current entities have taken advantage of the omission of minority perspectives to create false realities that never existed. The integrity of history is based upon the perceptions of the privileged, which is a direct detriment to the well-rounded truths that never have the opportunity to be heard due to the lack of access.1

Small businesses have been a massive part of the U.S. economy for centuries.2 Many businesses we pass by on our roads today are locally owned and operated, and have been for many years. With the advent of the internet, many of these small businesses were able to grow and flourish. However, the internet also gave many people easier access to information, entertainment, shopping, and more. This ease of access proved detrimental to some small businesses that made their living off of things like this, and the internet made them nearly useless.3 History often overlooks the importance of small businesses and independent enterprises, focusing mainly on large corporations that are internationally known. When the big companies at the top of the business world become the center of attention, not only in the present but historically, we lose the opportunity to learn about the cornerstones of American growth, small businesses. Supporting and learning about small businesses is essential because they have done so much for our country. We need to ensure that their history is not overshadowed by the larger companies that often take the spotlight.

Internet History

Before the arrival of the internet, humans were interconnected through personal interactions that required spending time with one another in person. The initial integration of the internet sparked a huge societal impact on how humans communicated with one another, leading to broader connectivity alongside more convenient measures. The Web 1.0 approach presented static websites that simply presented information rather than incorporating interactive measures for users of the sites. The approach was convenient for preserving accurate information because not many external forces attempted to promote false information.4 In response to the limitations of Web 1.0, Web 2.0 was created with a multitude of updates, mostly pertaining to the interactive aspects of the consumer experience. Some medium developed were wikis, mashups, blog software, and many other forms of posting, editing, and reacting to online groups.5 On that note, the internet entailed many impacts, specifically for opportunistic measures, which gave voices behind a screen to those who would otherwise not be heard. 2.0 provided the foundation of media convergence, providing more background information on consumers so that media entities could monitor their site traffic and tailor their content to their intended audiences.6 Because of this increased audience awareness, small business owners used the new technology by acquiring websites to promote their work. With that, many investors took part in the opportunity to increase their capital. This massive boom in dot coms led to a significant growth in the stock market, followed by an impactful precipitous collapse.7

Impact of the Internet At-Home

With all the new technology that was being developed to keep up with the internet, computers became not only a must-have for companies and businesses, but also for homes and families as well. Television was already a well-established source of news, entertainment, and information. Still, with the advent of the internet, TV companies began to see new possibilities for television and the internet. One of these possibilities that rocked the television world was the addition of the internet to cable so that consumers could access the internet through their television. Cable systems had traditionally been the way viewers could consume television content. With the internet on cable, a new cable system with internet access was positioned as the new way to consume media. It had incredible projections when it was released in 1997.8 One of the first companies to try to make at-home cable internet a big deal was the @Home company. This company would link home computers and televisions to cable lines instead of telephone modems, making them thousands of times faster.9 This company would be the first to capitalize on the growing internet market and eventually garner tech giant Microsoft's support. Microsoft was also on the rise with developing home internet through cable lines, and joined up with @Home to do so.10 Together, both companies created a relationship and revolutionized the concept of home internet, and worked to bring millions of people high-speed home internet. The home became the most critical aspect of the new internet market, with technological advancements in information, news, entertainment, sports, and more. We have come a long way from cable-based internet, but a great way to compare the arrival of cable-based internet to homes is the arrival of 5G to our devices today. The new high speeds we can achieve now are like the ones people received 30 years ago.

INTRODUCTION OF THE INTERVIEWEES

Gregory Harvey

Gregory Harvey, a 47-year-old Black man who grew up in Broward County, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, shared how his life before and after the internet has shaped his roles as a professional, a husband, a father, and overall as a Black man in America.

Harvey was a first-generation college student who completed a Bachelor of Arts in Social Work at Winthrop University in Rock Hill, South Carolina. Now, with over 20 years of service as a social work supervisor, he works tirelessly to uplift his local communities while impacting the generations that come after him. His passion for advocacy derives from being an inner-city kid, raised by his working-class parents who strived to make it in a world that often attempted to diminish the voices of Black people. Today, he uses his impactful voice to amplify those around him while continually holding true to his taste in music, sense of style, and overall demeanor instilled in him from his childhood.

Interviewing individuals, like Harvey, with unique experiences and analyzing their perspectives in the scope of popular histories will promote exposure and variability amongst the commonalities engraved into the history books.

Mark Massingill

Mark Massingill has been a local small-business owner for the last 20 years. His business is Ernest Rawlins Photography, which he bought from the previous owner, Ernest Rawlins. The business has been in Greenville for nearly a century, and has seen many different technological changes in the photography world in its time. From starting with film and negatives, to digital photos, the photography world has been a huge benefactor of modernization and technological advancements. None maybe as important though as the internet. Mark Massingill was able to tap into the usefulness, speed, and versatility to totally change the way his business operates, allowing him to produce his pictures, showcase them, and sell them with ease, keeping his costs low and profits high

Dr. Raiana De Carvalho

Dr. Raiana De Carvalho was born and raised in Brazil before moving to the United States for education. She is a Ph.D. Candidate at Syracuse University, as well as having a M.A from Kent State University and a B.A. from Federal University of Ceará. Dr. Raiana joined the communications department at Furman University in Fall of 2024, so she is a new face around Furman’s campus. Her expertise lies around identity and media representation, digital activism and political communication, cultural and political memory in Latin America and the U.S.. Her journey, unique background, and expertise in media and culture made her a perfect candidate to interview for this project.

It is very important to learn about perspectives such as De Carvalho because those kinds of stories are not represented in our education curriculum or in our history books. As media history students we can all benefit from hearing these different, varying perspectives.

Oral History Podcast

Questions Asked to Interviewees

Gregory Harvey

Tell me a little bit about yourself – Where did you grow up? What was your life like prior to the arrival of the Internet?
What were your most common usages of media at that time?
Prior to the arrival of the Internet, how did you find/research information?
How old were you when you first engaged with the Internet? What was your experience like?
How often did you use the Internet, and what did you use it for?
Did you have any concerns about the ethics of the Internet?
How easy was it to access the Internet outside your household? Was it a standard part of everyday life?
Did you notice any digital divides in experiences with the Internet, meaning that some groups had more power than others?
What were some of the challenges the Black community faced as digital media began to rise?
What advantages, if any, did the Internet bring to marginalized communities?
Looking into the future, what are your thoughts about the Internet and its impact on the developmental lives of individuals?

Mark Massingill

As a small business owner, how did the internet benefit you and your business?
For a small business, how impactful was the internet in helping you maximize profits while minimizing costs?
Outside of your own small business, how well did other small businesses receive the internet? Did it help them too?
How has your website not only helped your business but how has it shaped the way that people interact with your business?
Were there any negative impacts from the internet to your business?
If there was anything you could change about the internet and your experience with it, what would you change?

Raiana De Carvalho

Tell me a little bit about yourself – Where did you grow up? What was your life like prior to the arrival of the Internet?
What were your most common usages of media at that time?
How accessible was this media at the time?
What was your first experience with the internet like?
Did the internet pose any concerns at the time?
When did the internet become a part of daily life?
Did you see any divides in access from different groups?
What were the uses of the internet for people in a low-income community?
How did the internet benefit these low-income communities?
WHat are your thoughts with the internet lookingintothe future?
What does internet/media access look likein Brazil now?

Transcript - Gregory Harvey

Gabrielle Harvey 00:38

My name is Gabrielle Harvey, and I'm currently here with my father, Gregory Harvey, and today I'm going to be talking to him about his experience with the internet from its start, and how impacted his life. I've been going into how he sees the internet being involved with our global landscape in the future. So first, Mr. Harvey, could you tell me a little bit about yourself? Um, where did you grow up in? What was your life like prior to the arrival of the Internet?

Gregory Harvey 01:08

Yeah, so as my daughter stated, my name is Gregory Harvey, um, I grew up in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, um, I moved to the Carolinas as an 18 year old for college after college. Well, also, I'm a graduate of Winthrop University, and at college I went into social work, where I've been practicing for the last 23 years as a supervisor. Um, I'm the proud father of three, an adult son, Zuric. He's 24. Gabrielle, our amazing, smart and articulate young lady who's 19 and doing amazing things at Furman. And then we have a 17 year old who is a senior, and she will be a rising freshman at USC Upstate in the very near future. And of course, Mecca Harvey, my beautiful wife. Let's not leave mommy out.

Gabrielle Harvey 02:08

So what was your life like prior to the arrival of the Internet? What was your day to day life? What did you like to do growing up when the Internet wasn't a huge part of society?

Gregory Harvey 02:19

Of course. So the Internet didn't become public until 1993 so I was born in 1978 before that, I spend all of my time outside, playing, involved in sports, lots of community activities, traveling to different places in Florida and just enjoying the beach and all that life had to offer before the internet set us all down.

Gabrielle Harvey 02:49

And so you mentioned the internet setting us all down, but what are some of the ways that in school you would research information? How did you find out about current events when the internet, of course, it's a way for us to have more access. But what were some of the ways that you kind of stayed in tune with what was going on in the world, or, just like day to day news?

Gregory Harvey 03:17

We had these cool books that were called encyclopedias, and they were letters A through Z, and they provided us with visuals of everything that existed in a row, whether it be current events, different presidents, wars, the different oceans, all ofthe things that existed in the States, there was a lot of photos that were provided to give us clear visuals of what it would look like, because there was no internet for us to be able to see those things.

Gabrielle Harvey 03:53

And so when the internet came about, did you have any speculations about it? Were you concerned about how it was going to affect your future? What were kind of the conversations that you would have with, you know, your family, your friends, what were some of the concerns that you had about the internet?

Gregory Harvey 04:09

Yeah, so when I first heard about the internet, I mean, this was during a time where we would read the newspaper, and there was a lots of articles about the domains and what it meant for our world and how it was going to change things and give us an opportunity to be able to see other countries have access to, like, all types of information we typically wouldn't have access to. So I was very excited, because growing up, I didn't travel much, so I was very interested to see how other states look and things within the country as well.

Gabrielle Harvey 04:58

Oh, I. How easy was it to access the internet outside of your household, like when the internet came back? Was it a standard part of your life, or did you have to kind of look elsewhere to access it?

Gregory Harvey 05:11

So yeah, when the internet first came about, you had to use a landline. You guys are used to what we call Wi Fi, that did not exist for a very long time. So growing up and you know, an impoverished community with having blue collar parents who worked, internet was something that I was able to access at school, not necessarily at home, because access to the internet required a landline where you actually have to plug it into the wall, plug it into the back of the computer, and it made this really cool sound, and then you have access, and then your phone will ring and it would disconnect and start all back over again. I didn't have internet in my home probably until maybe college, just because it was such a high expense, an additional expense like that would have crippled my family, of course, during that time.

Gabrielle Harvey 06:11

And so you mentioned kind of like socioeconomic statuses and that relation to access to internet. Do you think that the emergence of the Internet kind of gave more power to certain groups during that time?

Gregory Harvey 06:27

Of course. Because if you look at the demographic of different communities, and you think about access and marginalized communities, there was very limited access, because during that time you had internet either in school or at your local libraries, and so when you think about your local libraries, they weren't in every community. And so travel was an issue as well, just like family didn't have access to a vehicle to get down to a public library, which is about 45 minutes from their home. So it made it very challenging, of course, because I can remember when I had papers doing as a high school student and my school was not open, I remember my mom on a Sunday would get in our car and we would go down to downtown to the Broward County Library and spend the bulk of our day there just doing research, because there was no opportunity to go home and complete research or to make papers out of print. So it was something that everyone didn't have access to, but for those of us that did, it definitely made a big difference in our community, of course.

Gabrielle Harvey 07:37

And so in class, we talk a lot about how like access leads to a lot of power structures, and so for those that did have a lot of access during that time, it kind of controlled some media narratives about marginalized communities, because a lot of marginalized communities didn't necessarily have the availability to go to those public libraries or to be in the rooms where they were making a lot of The decisions about what we see on the screens. But though that was the case, do you think that there was any sort of advantages or even positivities out of the internet for minorities at the time, whether it be like kind of publicizing different artistries like music or film or just kind of telling the stories of those that necessarily haven't been told before.

Gregory Harvey 08:24

I definitely think there were advantages for those who had access, because it created an opportunity for you to get additional information that you could not provide to yourself in a lot of our communities, you were talking about high crime communities, very difficult challenges when it comes to people being unhoused, lots of food insecurities. So having access to the internet created opportunities to look for information, to really find out what resources were available to you in your local areas, because a lot of businesses, local businesses, were able to put things on there and publicize that naturally we didn't know existed, such as the food pantries, because during the time when struggle existed, a lot of people in our communities, they utilize faith based services, which were limited, because faith based services are based on tithing and community volunteers. So having the internet just created a gateway for more opportunities to get more information, of course, and access those services.

Gabrielle Harvey 09:32

And so looking into the future as a professional, as a father, as a husband, what are some of your thoughts about the internet as we are shifting into a very different landscape as far as our society. How do you think that the internet is going to impact our lives as we develop as humans? Yes,

Gregory Harvey 09:56

Of course. I think now the internet is a great resource. It provides unlimited information that we all can use for many different reasons. The concern I have as a husband, as a father, and even for myself at times, is having that access also gives people access to us and worrying about those protections that are in place to protect, you know, our privacy, to protect how we search and we look for things, because a lot of times when, say, if I'm looking for a new television or a car, the internet has a way of creating an algorithm that makes the searches kind of tinker towards what needs are. And I think for some people in our communities, they're not accessing the internet in a correct way. So I'm concerned more about how our community and our younger youth and even our young adults are utilizing it for the current job market, for when you look at different communities that have that are up and coming, what's available to you. I love the fact that the Internet offers you, various incomes and like even the Greenville area, which Mommy and I are looking to purchase a house in, when we think about looking there and what's available based on our income and the parts that are there, the walking communities, looking at crime, safety, and things. I think the Internet offers a lot of different things, but there's also lots of dark sides to it. And so, you know, I'm hoping that as our world transitions, those things will be limited and the dark web will be removed so we don't have to worry about, you know, predators and scammers that are making it very difficult for our families who are looking for ways to Move it forward.

Gabrielle Harvey 12:02

As we talked about moving into the future, kind of going back to the past, what are some of the things that you really miss about life before the internet? Like, what are some things that you're just like, Oh, I remember when it was like this. So could you talk about some of your favorite memories, or just some things that you wish were the same as they were before internet started.

Gregory Harvey 12:23

So I definitely miss privacy, one, because everybody feels like they should post any and everything. We become a society that is built on likes and clicks, and before that, it will be a time where you actually had to go out and build relationships that were meaningful and that were lasting, and you were able to travel more and get out, whereas now I can click the button and I could be sitting on the beach and see a camera in California and get the full experience, as opposed to traveling and experiencing firsthand. I definitely missed that part because, you know, I like to go out, walk and do different things. And I noticed now, even with young kids, they don't go out much. You see very kids riding bicycles. We still have the parks for the same access to a lot of different things, and they're underused because now it's just clicking and sitting at home and searching the web for things. And it's so funny because now you see videos of kids looking at other kids playing, and they can actually be outside playing themselves. I think that has contributed to a lot of the health issues we have in our society as well. So my hope is, as we continue to go forward in the future, there'll be more opportunities for families to understand the importance of having proper time getting out and being active, getting out and going to our museums and our galleries and exploring the arts for themselves, as opposed to sitting at home and not being educated because they don't have someone who has those experiences to be able to share those stories.

Gabrielle Harvey 14:12

Well. Thank you so much for taking the time out of your day to speak with me. I really appreciate it, and I very happy that I learned a lot about your personal experiences with internet. So thank you.

Gregory Harvey 14:24

You're more than welcome. Go Paladins!

Transcript - Mark Massingill

Transcript

00:00:00 Dixon Massingill

Cool. We're setting. OK, so, dad.

00:00:04 Dixon Massingill

Thanks for doing this for me.

00:00:07 Dixon Massingill

So as a small business owner.

00:00:09 Dixon Massingill

You know the Internet coming, obviously. I'm sure it changed a lot for you guys what?

00:00:14 Dixon Massingill

Did it help you guys with? As you know, a small business, you know, did it, did it change things for you guys speed up processes? What did it kind of?

00:00:24 Dixon Massingill

How? How did it benefit you?

00:00:27 Mark Massingill

Well, in photography, I think it was a great benefit. One in the film days you shot A roll of film. You either drove it to a lab or put it in a box. It was sent off produce from age. You called a client. They came in, they looked at their produce. They placed an order.

00:00:44 Mark Massingill

You shipped that off again and it came in.

00:00:47 Mark Massingill

There's a lot of shipping or driving things around town. Once we went digital, you can do the sitting. You can create an online gallery for your client to view from home. They can place their order and it just comes in to you as an order. Then you can fill it and we now if we don't print ourself.

00:01:08 Mark Massingill

We can upload the images in seconds to our lab. They can print it in hours instead of days and ship it back to you.

00:01:19 Mark Massingill

And so it just it it really, you know, speed up the entire process and even your place in, you know placing orders online, you can go in and set up your appointments online. It just it really opened up calendars. We used to have a paper calendar you had to write.

00:01:40 Mark Massingill

Everything in and the people changed. You had to mark it out. Now the calendar is digital, so you know it's just it. It's a lot easier. You can access it from your phone anywhere is when it was a hard copy.

00:01:53 Mark Massingill

You literally had to get back to your office or carry the calendar book with you the whole time.

00:02:00 Dixon Massingill

OK, so it was just really a lot of, you know, ease of access, more made everything more convenient for not only you, but for your clients as well?

00:02:08 Mark Massingill

Correct the clients that are ordering a digital file, we retouch them, clean them up, resize them and actually e-mail them to them. And even from that perspective.

00:02:20 Mark Massingill

When you would photograph a school person, a school child, you order the pictures. Then you got to get them to the grandparents and get them around and send them to whoever you wanted to have them. Now we have found that parents will order a digital file, they will upload it to the nearest Walgreens or.

00:02:40 Mark Massingill

CVS to one of their parents.

00:02:43 Mark Massingill

Have it printed, paid for, then all the parent grandparents excuse me, grandparent just has to go by and pick it up as opposed to waiting until you saw the person next or putting it in the US mail and hoping it didn't get lost. So we've just found that people are, you know, emailing images all over the country.

00:03:04 Mark Massingill

Having them printed and then people just go by and pick them up as opposed to, you know, waiting or having them mailed to them.

00:03:12 Dixon Massingill

So.

00:03:14 Dixon Massingill

For a small business, obviously you know profit, you know versus expenses, you have to pay for stuff. Obviously that's a big factor. So how impactful was the Internet in helping you guys maximize profits while limit your costs?

00:03:30 Mark Massingill

Oh, it just cut down a lot of man hour man time.

00:03:34 Mark Massingill

You know.

00:03:35 Mark Massingill

Just like I said in the old days, you'd have to drive over to your lab and drop everything off, then go back and pick it up and, you know, even retouching. We had to pay an artist to sit in the lobby and hand retouch every image. Now you go in Photoshop, there's programs that, you know, clean up certain things.

00:03:56 Mark Massingill

White and eyes whitened teeth. Get rid of wrinkles and then once you do it on one image then you hit the button and you can print one or a dozen and it's all done.

00:04:06 Mark Massingill

Whereas in the old days we had an artist that had, if you ordered an 8 by 10 and two 5 by 7, she had to retouch all three pieces of paper. Now you do it once and then you print the three and then plus and then and then. That's another world. The retouching. In the old days, it was retouched.

00:04:26 Mark Massingill

On the photograph with liddles or pencils now. Because it's digital, you can't eat a lot of times. You can't tell you've done it, whereas in the past there was always a hint, now it was better to have it done even though you could tell a little bit than not.

00:04:42 Mark Massingill

So it that you know that was a game changer that the computer and not so much the Internet, but just the computer brought to the to the.

00:04:50 Dixon Massingill

Game. So outside of your own small business, obviously I know you have a lot of friends that have smaller businesses that work with small businesses overall was the.

00:05:02 Dixon Massingill

Reaction to you know, the Internet coming was it was it well taken by a lot of people, you know. Did it did it help a lot of other people out other but.

00:05:10 Dixon Massingill

Pieces.

00:05:12 Mark Massingill

Everybody I know was, you know, everybody's always hesitant in the beginning, but when they saw what it could do and how it could speed up everything from, like I said, booking appointments to place an orders, you know, to uploading images, it it, it was very well, it was welcome.

00:05:31 Mark Massingill

Everybody you know, like I said, but we all frowned in the beginning because in my industry there was black and white film and you made a black and white picture and you hand colored it. Then there was color film that went on color paper. Then we went to digital Ernest.

00:05:47 Mark Massingill

Ellens had to live through black and white film, the color film, and then he got into the early part of digital, but then shortly retired after because he just made the joke. One time he had already been through one major change. He wasn't going to live through the digital change too. So, but I, I mean, I did, I mean.

00:06:04 Dixon Massingill

Yeah.

00:06:07 Mark Massingill

You'd go out.

00:06:08 Mark Massingill

Photograph the school with 200 kids and you used to have to have.

00:06:12 Mark Massingill

You know, 1000 negatives and then you had to sort through them and and order and now that it's all digital, you, you, you just picked the one and like I said you place an order and hit an upload button in about 30 minutes later all that sort of it's your lab and the labs are automated to accept it and immediately start printing it because there's a bunch of warnings that you know, hey.

00:06:34 Mark Massingill

You've got 10 minutes to change your mind, because after that it's too late. It's in a machine being done. So I mean, you know it it it, speed it up to where we have to worry about that.

00:06:44 Dixon Massingill

Gotcha. OK, so I know you mentioned a lot of you know you mentioned your online website. How is your website not only helped your business but also like helped shape the way that people interact with your business now from a digital standpoint?

00:07:03 Mark Massingill

Oh well though, your website now can show your work, show what you do from weddings to children's to executives. I mean it. You can have a category for everything you do now. People from the convenience of their home or in their car on their.

00:07:23 Mark Massingill

Home can get in and look prior to having a website. Everybody had to drive to this building, walk in, sit down, look at hard pictures. Now that we still have them and people still come by, but they can shop for the person you know.

00:07:43 Mark Massingill

If they're looking for a certain look from a photographer or any business a certain product, you can now go online and look and who they have it, then make the trip over to get it or see it touch it, feel it, whatever. But no, no, like it. Everybody's Facebook.

00:08:01 Mark Massingill

Putting their images on it, people. Oh, I see it. I like that's that's what I want. I mean, in the old days, we had what you guys don't. We had a phone book and there were the Yellow Pages. And you bought advertisement and you put a photograph there. Well, for one year you had one photograph that represented you until the next book.

00:08:22 Mark Massingill

Came out your newspaper. You could buy an ad for. You could change that daily or weekly. But no, when we would order in the phone book in the Yellow Pages, you had to pick one picture that had to represent you for an entire year.

00:08:39 Mark Massingill

And and one time we picked a picture was a little kid holding a teddy bear. Best thing we ever did because people would actually call us and say, hey, I saw that picture in the Yellow Pages of that kid holding the bear. I want to bring mine in and have that done. So it was very impactful. We put other pictures in there that nobody would ever.

00:08:58 Mark Massingill

You know mention or tell you they saw it.

00:09:13 Dixon Massingill

So I guess the last thing I would say, if there's anything that you could change about the Internet and how it helps your business, is there anything you would change? Would you change anything?

00:09:28 Mark Massingill

Well.

00:09:31 Mark Massingill

I get.

00:09:32 Mark Massingill

I get phone calls daily from Google that tell me that something is.

00:09:42 Mark Massingill

Something is wrong and there are so many people out there, you know, there's so many platforms that Ernest Rylands photography can your business can be seen.

00:09:53 Mark Massingill

On and they'll call me up and they'll tell me that some platform has misspelled my name or done it incorrectly. And every time that occurs according to Google, it changes my rating as how many people see me now they.

00:10:13 Mark Massingill

Then they want to send me to a company that I have to pay money to to.

00:10:18 Mark Massingill

Each month, check and find out what's going wrong on one of the many platforms, and so that that's no other than I love the Internet. I love having, you know, people that ease to go out and look and for me to go and find things. But it it's this little one letter off thing messing up the system.

00:10:20

Hmm.

00:10:38 Mark Massingill

And even now, there's a digital platform other than Google.

00:10:44 Mark Massingill

I think no. It's for Alexa and all those things. So now you have to have everything set up for your Googles and your yahoos and all that, and then you got to have it set up a different way for all of these Alexa and the things you just speak to. And so now we have 2.

00:11:02 Dixon Massingill

Yeah.

00:11:05 Mark Massingill

Expenses out there that you have to pay if you want to stay current with each one. And I mean, I get it, it's the economy is just growing. But no, I mean other than just.

00:11:09

Hmm.

00:11:11 Dixon Massingill

Yeah.

00:11:16 Mark Massingill

Getting phone calls that say something's messed up and it's not my fault somebody else did it. But it's costing me. Other than that, no, I have. I like everything about the Internet. Even, you know, I'm a photographer. There is a swing going back to some people. Doing film was just in Charleston. There was a lab down there that does hundreds of rolls of film a day.

00:11:39 Mark Massingill

I saw people carrying film cameras around, so I know there's some people going back to it, but I just.

00:11:46 Mark Massingill

After living through film and now into digital and the ease of it because of the Internet and uploading and all that I, you know, I'm not saying I never wouldn't go back to film, but I prefer not to.

00:11:59 Dixon Massingill

That's awesome. Thank you so much. That's great.

Transcript - Raiana De Carvalho

Noble: 0:00

Gotcha. There it goes. Um, and I guess if you're ready, we'll jump right into it. Let's do it. Alright. Okay. So start off by, um, if you don't mind telling me a little bit about yourself, uh, where you grew up, what your life was like prior to, prior to the arrival of the internet. So like around that like. You know, 95, 90, um, you know, 1990s kind of time there.

Raiana:

Okay. Okay. So I grew up in Brazil and I, I was born in 1990. Mm-hmm. So, um, growing up as a, a child, I didn't have access to the internet, but very early on. I remember when my mother bought a computer device, like a desktop, right? Um. I, I don't think she had access to the internet then if she did, she didn't allow me to use, uh, I was only going to have access to the internet when I was eight.

Okay. So I think the first time that I access it, um, you know, the dial up. Mm-hmm. One right. Uh, was when I actually had moved to a different city with my parents and I was living in my grandmother's house and my uncle at the time, he was married to my, uh, or dating my aunt at the time. Mm-hmm. He was the one that introduced me to the dialed up internet and Right.

It showed me like, uh, you know, these chats that I could suddenly just talk with strangers. So that was fascinating to me. Yeah, yeah. Um, and that I think is my earliest memory, um, accessing the internet, but accessing like computer games. I think maybe I was five and then the internet I was eight. Okay.

Noble:

Gotcha. Gotcha. Um. And like at like at that time, would you say like those computer games were your most common, like usage of media at that time? Like, I'm sorry, did you consume a lot of like other forms of media before the internet kind of came around? Like TV shows and um, other games? Yeah, like that?

Raiana:

Yeah. TV for sure. Uh, TV for sure. I did like to be a lot for the games part. I will say that some people that grew up. Around the same time that I was growing up, I think some people had more access to video games. You know, I didn't grow up, you know, playing a lot of video games. I know there were some computer games at that first, you know, desktop that my mom had.

Yeah, yeah. But, um, she never like. I don't think she had the money like to buy a PlayStation, you know, or something like that. Yeah, yeah. Um, but I had some friends that, you know, grew up with that. Um, so right now, whenever I have to play, I feel there's a lot of catch up. I'm not very good at games. I'm not a gaming person.

Right, right. In any sense. So I wouldn't say that games was something that I used at all, but I did watch tv. Um. I grew up in a time that we would still rent video cassettes from, you know, local renters. So I grew up, uh, sitting a lot of. Video cassettes at home and then they changed to DVD. So I also watched a lot of DVDs.

Um, and then when the internet came and, you know, much later streaming, that changed everything, of course. But I would say that television, film, of course, radio, right. Um, I very, very, when I was very little, my, my parents used have the vinyl. Record players. Now I have my own, but you know, growing up CD was really the format.

So in terms of music, I used to listen to a lot of CDs. Yeah. And I guess that was it.

Noble:

Gotcha. Gotcha. Thank you so much. Um, a question to go off of that. How, um, like was, uh, like was there an easy access to, um, like TV and movies and films and stuff like that when you were growing up? Okay. Um. So less than Divide be before they, before I started to have more access to the internet, right?

Raiana:

Mm-hmm. Tv. Yes. So in Brazil, the, during the nineties when I was growing up, it was very common already to have tv. You know, we used to say that, you know, some families might not have anything, but they would have like a TV set at home. Um, so TV was pretty common. For CDs. I actually remember the first CD I had because for a while I also had the video cassette, the very small video cassettes, you know, that you would listen to music.

But, um, piracy was also a thing they love back then. So I think I might have some pirate, you know, uh, cassettes back then. But I remember the first, first CD that I had, it was actually, uh. As I recall, I think it was my grandparents that gave us a gift to me and my sister. We were not living in the same town, and it was from this, uh, sort of.

Brother and sister couple. Okay. And they used to sing. And I remember, you know, looking at the, I don't know how you call that pamphlet that comes in the CD with the lyrics of the songs. Right. So that was very common for me growing up and I never forgot because I had the cd and with the lyrics we would listen to, you know, the CD and keep learning how to sing the song.

So I used to know all the songs. Um. For that specifically, uh, that specific band that was this brother and this sister singing together. Um, and then I remember the first time I actually had, I think it was Walk talk, I don't know is how you call it. Here we call in Portuguese, we call walkie talkie. Right?

Yeah. Which is the Portuguese, you know, a way to pronounce it. So first it was the, the, the cassettes. And then I had one small city player. Um, so yeah, but these, it's not that. I think all of this that I mentioned to you, they started to become more popular as I was growing up. You know, I think by the time that I started to have access to them, they were somewhat popularized.

Noble:

Um, gotcha. Yeah. That's great. Um, so now getting more into like the internet side, side of thing, um. Do you remem, like how old were you when you first engaged with the internet and um, do you remember that first experience? Um, think you were talking about like your, your uncle's computer. Um, like can you tell me a little bit more about that, that first time, you know, I'm sure it was, it was quite a lot of information to come.

Raiana:

Yeah, yeah. Like quite confusing at the time. Yeah. Yeah. It was actually my, it was in, at my grandmother's house. It was actually, uh, the device of my grandpa. But my uncle was the one that introduced me to, so he showed me how to dial up to connect to the internet. And I think at that first time he didn't show me, you know, browsers and how to navigate that.

It was really about the chats. So I, I remember, you know, starting to chat with people and I think there were channels that were divided by age. So I would enter, you know, the channel that I was sort of, um, in the age gap. I hope that. So at first I was really excited about that and I would watch, by that time I was already starting to watch, um, MTV.

So, you know, sometimes the conversations were about songs. Mm-hmm. And then I remember that with time I started to access this, this own online games that you would chat with people, but very rudimentary kind of games. Nothing sophisticated. Um. And then when I was a teenager, it became really popular. This, um, MSN chat, I think it was Messenger.

So it was still like a, a chat, but this time it was, it was with my friends. You know, I would add the people that I would regularly talk to. So I think my first experiences with the internet were not about. Research, you know, I wasn't, you know, looking to find news as maybe I would describe my, my, you know, access today.

It was really about this. Chat channels and then later it become to be really about music and listen to the artists that I like and finding new artists, and then later social media. But I think the first, now that I'm, yes, I think the first usages were really like chatting either with. Strangers. And then my mom started to restrict that she was really afraid that I was gonna talk, you know, to adults instead of kids.

So then I became really chatting with my friends online. Gotcha. Gotcha. Yeah, that, that, it's very interesting that like the, the early parts of the internet, um, are like, you know, it's, it's all about that connection and the connectivity that you can have with people in different places. Mm-hmm. And then like all these years later, now we're in the world of social media and it's like, yeah.

It's like that's, we've seen that evolution happen, um, throughout, you know, the time it, it's, it's been created.

Noble:

And what you said at the end was, is kind of leads into the next question. Um. So clearly you were young when, when, um, you know, you were first introduced to the internet. Mm-hmm. Um, and you said your mom had like, you know, some concerns about, you know, maybe what you were talking to strangers and maybe kids who aren't, you know, people who weren't your age. Um, like can you talk more about like the, like, maybe not you, but like the concerns that, um, the, the, the adults around you at the time, like had over, um, you know, concerns about the internet in general in those early times.

Raiana:

Yeah, yeah, for sure. For me, it was really about, uh, at, at least my parents' concern was that, that I would not be talking, you know, to creepy people.

Let's put it that way. Uh, so I think from my, my mom and I was living with my mom, right? My mom's side. It, it was about not, not engaging, I don't know, with strangers that could represent a risk for me. Having said that, I had friends that had more, maybe less parental guidance in that regard. So I remember that I had a friend that she spent her whole night, you know, just chatting in all these different, oh, I think I remember now.

I think one that was very popular, a very popular channel. I don't know if you even call like that was Mik. I put it in the chat for you. Yeah, yeah. I'll, I'll, I'll definitely, so my mom would not allow me to use Mik. I would only use MSN, which was only with people that, you know. So whenever I was chatting, she was like, worry about that.

I would say, no, this is just my friends. But I had friends that would use me and um, I had a friend of mine, she was 13, and she would meet, you know. Different people. She would sometimes date online. And usually these were like 21-year-old guys. Um, we even met one of these, you know, one of her dating guys at some point.

And when I look back, I think, wow, I, I didn't realize at the time that maybe we were putting ourselves in a dangerous situation when. 13-year-old girls went to the mall to meet this 21-year-old guy that she met online. So looking back, I understand the concerns that my mom had as a kid growing up and seeing all my friends, you know, interacting with this new, exciting, interactive media.

I just thought I was being limited, you know, of doing something. But we found our ways. I I, I would use, you know, those ones that were more private, but I think my. My mom's concern at at the time was this safety of me as a kid not being exposed to yes, potential malicious intentions from other people. Um, I don't remember at that time.

She's been too much concern with me finding inappropriate content online, which is interesting. I started to use email and I would receive a lot of different emails, but I don't recall her being concerned about what kinds of messages I would receive through email. It was mostly about those chats and making sure that there were no, you know, adults trying to pass themselves as kids of my age.

Noble:

Mm-hmm. Which is definitely something that, you know, still happens today. Um, so yeah. That, um, your mother's concerns, I'm sure were Yeah. Are, are backed and, uh, you know, there's, there's, she had her reasons. She had good reasons. Yes. Sounds like there's some good reasons for that. Um, okay. Moving on. Outside of your household, how easy was it to, um, access the internet? Uh, like was, did it, did it become, like, when did it become standard, like a standard part of everyday, you know, daily life, um, growing up?

Raiana:

Mm-hmm. Yeah. I don't know when it become like standard, but I remember that in schools we had.

Those we would call informatic classes. It was about using computer. And I remember because I had a computer at home, I, I didn't see a lot the need for those classes, you know, because they were very basic. I would, I would know how to do things because I was interacting with these devices at home. But I remember that's when I realized that that was not, uh, the case for everyone.

Right? So not all my colleagues had that. Um. And, and at first it was not every household that would have like wifi or even the dial up internet, um, as common as I see now. So growing up, I had a friend, for example, that he would go to land houses. I don't know if that's the term that was used here. Similar.

Yeah, I guess so, right? Mm-hmm. Yeah. So when I was growing up, lane houses were very common. Still so many people didn't have access at home, so you would pay like a small fee and use for one or two hours. I certainly did that many, many times. Uh, so. If I am remembering correctly, maybe that meant that we didn't have that easy access to the internet in our own schools.

Because what I remember is that we would leave school, me and one or two friends, and we would go to this land houses and use the internet and then, you know, uh, and leave at least for those who didn't have at home. Um, I think maybe when I was 13, 14, I. Or maybe even later, that's when I think it was much more common that everybody would have, you know, access at home.

But maybe before that, maybe when I was 10 or 11, um, I. Or even a little loan houses were, were still popular, but I might be misremembering that, you know..

Noble:

I'm asking you to pick your brain here, so something you don't, you know, think about too often. Mm-hmm. Um, but that's great. Um, here's another question for you. Did you notice any, um, divides, um, in, in terms of experiences with the internet, um, in terms of that like. Maybe some groups had more power, like with the internet over other groups. Did, like, did you notice any of that growing up? Yeah, for sure. Um, so not differently from other countries.

Raiana:

There was, there still is a lot of digital divide in Brazil, um, as sometimes happens with, you know, technological advancements. People there. Are more affluent, you know, higher income families will have access to this technologies much earlier on. Um, and then there is, you know, a catch up game that never really, I think it's realized.

So in Brazil we have a lot of social inequities. So the digital divide has been a reality. Um, in the case of the internet as well. But there are, there have been also many projects of social inclusion that try to, you know, decrease that gap. Um, so growing up, even though I knew there were a lot of divides in terms of, uh, and again, I'm talking about my experience growing up in Brazil because I came to the US when I was already a young adult.

So I, I knew that, uh, people in lower income families didn't have as much access, uh, that I, I went to private school, so public schools also didn't have as much access, uh, access. But my, my mother specifically, she worked for a project on digital inclusion, so she was very much part of the process of, um, coordinating.

The government project to distribute devices to rural areas and you know, to nonprofits in schools, and then to increase the access to, um. Broadband wifi. So at the same time that I saw a lot of digital divide, it was also interesting to see, and maybe because my mom, my mom's job, part of her job was to, uh, coordinate the, the projects of digital inclusion.

I also see also this attempts, you know, of, of including people. Right. Um, and then I think it's in the context of these projects that. That sometimes you should, we might also even contact, uh, contest this idea that certain groups necessarily don't use these forms of media as actively as we would expect.

Oftentimes, you see that once, once. That access is made available, especially with younger generations. You know, the catch up is quick and that's why, you know, these projects of digital inclusion continue to be so important, you know? Right. Yeah. Um, because that's the opportunity that we have to have a little bit more of that, that gap, the less widen, you know?

Noble:

Mm-hmm. To decrease that gap. Yeah.

Right. I, I think, so something that I'm thinking of now is that like. These lower income groups, um, like despite the work your mom does and, and the work these, these, you know, people have done to in order to like increase, um, you know, opportunity for, to to own these things.

It seems to me like there's still like, like ha being from like someone from these low income. Groups are, are, are kind of always playing, we're always playing catch up in terms of like understanding, um, like the internet and like what it is and it's like, even if they have access to it. I'm curious, um, like what were, uh, what were the uses of internet, like you think for mm-hmm.

Raiana:

For, um, the, these low income groups versus people who had it more avail, like more a avail, you know, had internet closer to their. Yeah. So, um, I also worked, when, during my undergrad I worked with some media literacy projects and we went to schools, um, to do workshops on uses of the internet. Mm-hmm.

Because I think that's also part of the question, right? It's not only about, um, increasing access if it's not follow, um. Through projects of literacy. And the focus that we had, just to give you an example, it was that on how to use the internet to strengthen their local communities. Right? And the framework was a framework of seeing, um.

Communication, uh, access to information and the right, and, you know, the ability to communicate yourself as a human right. So how do you enact that, that, right, by not only having access to that, but also using that access to voice, your experience, to voice your concerns in the public sphere. So I would say that that.

That was at least in the projects that then I was part, um, during my undergrad, I think we should think how these youth could use the internet to represent themselves representing their identities, not in a way that was necessarily how, you know, mainstream media content would represent, you know, them, but really focus on what they were doing in their communities.

Uh, what were, uh, maybe the issues that they wanted, the. Um, the public gov, uh, the municipal government should pay attention to. So it was really about, um. Enacting your identities and, um, accessing information in a way that empowered those communities. So I would say there was also that, that goal, you know, to strengthen local communities and to improve their ability to enact their right to communicate and to be able to enact their right to communicate.

Especially in a digital area era, you have to have access to these devices. You have to have access to the internet, and you have to have some literacy on best usages and practices at the, the very minimal. So many of these projects, I think, followed that, that framework.

Noble:

That's great. And I think that's a, that's a like a great way to, to, you know, um, bring the internet up into these places that like don't really like.

Have it or don't know, really know what to do with it. I think connecting, you know, people within that same community is a, is a, is a great way to, to like, you know, um, bring that into these communities. Um, clearly that, that was an advantage of, of the internet at this early time. Um, do you think, like, were there any other advantages that the internet brought to, um, these like low income communities and groups?

Oh, besides like the, of course, like the interconnectivity and, and you know, stuff like that. But, um. Were there some real like, I don't know, steps made? Um, kinda like what you, with what you talked about like that? Mm-hmm. Like kind of teaching people how to, you know, uh, express themselves in the correct way, in a positive way.

Raiana:

Mm-hmm. Online. Mm-hmm. Uh, yeah. So I think, um, that also aligns with what were our. Views of the internet, um, maybe two decades ago. It was very optimistic, right? So it really emphasizes this idea of participatory communities, uh, that challenged power dynamics in media. So I think we had, you know, mo more early users and maybe the framework back then in terms of projects of digital inclusion.

Were that people had a right to participate in public conversations about issues that matter to them, and the internet was a great way to facilitate that. Um, so I think there, there has definitely been, you know, since then and until now, we still see experiences like that, that many, uh, communities that.

Have historically been marginalized either, you know, in terms of class, so we're talking here about, you know, low income families maybe, but also, um, in terms of race, ethnicity, you know, or citizenship status. If we're talking about, I don't know, the US the internet has certainly facilitated this. Um.

Different forms of participating, right? Participating in civic life, participating as a citizen, making your voice heard, and then also forming these affinity communities in ways that can increase your sense of belonging, but also can increase opportunities for you to organize, right, and, and to make your, um, concerns and ideas being heard in a louder way.

And, you know, with the internet, especially now with social media, we have the possibility of scalability. So centerly is something that maybe you would only talk in these local small communities, now you have the possibility to put out into the world. And maybe it would, it would be picked up by other, you know, mainstream, um, types of media.

So we had all of that potentiality, and I think it has historically helped a lot of, uh, um, historically marginalized groups. Um, but we've, we now also in an area that we're discussing all the, the flip sides mm-hmm. Of all these potentialities, you know, and these possibilities that the internet brings. So at the same time that you have different group groups forming communities coming forward, participating in civic life, many times being affected and having their voices heard, you also have.

You know, a lot of hate speech as well against the same groups. You also have algorithmic bias. So even the idea that certain voices that were never heard before now can be heard, can also challenge that depending on who the algorithm right. Um, is benefiting. You have a lot of misinformation and this information, so all of these participatory ideas, um.

That we emphasized about the internet and, you know, these possibilities to increase the visibility, um, and the participation of mar marginalized groups. We are balancing that much more with all the problems that we're seeing today.

Noble:

Yeah. Yeah. I think it's, it's, the internet allows people to find their, their own small, little niche communities.

Um, and whether that be a community and we love everyone, or we're a community and we, we don't necessarily, you know, love everyone. It, it allows people to kind of like find those, you know, niche communities to, to, and, and that's what people like, love about the internet is that like their voice can be heard and accepted in some random corner of the internet.

I'm sure going even back to those early chat, um, services, like I'm sure there was people that were, you know, in, in chat groups together with, you know. Who, who, who, who, who connected over something over a lot less positive over, you know, a lot, I'm sure, than what other people did. Um, yeah. I got one last, one last thing for you.

Looking into the future, what are your thoughts about the internet like and where it is now and its impacts on the developmental lives of, of individuals?

Raiana:

Yeah. I have a much more critical view, less optimistic at least. Mm-hmm. Uh, view. Um. Of the internet because like I just said, some of the same features that made us think that this was such a democratizing space are also some of the features that make matters like public speech and public expression so complicated.

So I am. I am concerned right now about the dangers of this information and misinformation without any sort of regulation. Um, I am concerned about aspects of algorithmic bias in the social media platforms. We, as, again, as I mentioned, I've seen a lot of possibilities increase visibility for, uh, certain groups.

And in my own work with, uh, uh, black feminist organizations from Brazil. They're using platforms like Instagram. What I found is that they reappropriate many of the features of these platforms. They make a point to have their voices heard, even in a space that they don't feel privileged, their voices. So you see a lot of that still, but because many of these platforms were created.

By people occupying only, you know, certain groups that fit certain information. And I was sort of this black box that many people don't even know how it works. It's very hard to solve now, you know? Um, so I think my concern is whether we created too much of an optimistic expectation about these democratic possibilities that the internet and them later social media platforms could provide.

Without, you know, having the ability to sometimes predict all the other problems that came with the same features that we're seeing now. So I think thinking more seriously maybe about forms of regulation that would still protect, you know, freedom of speech that would actually truly allow for people to.

Express themselves and for different voices should be heard. I think that that's one of, um, of the areas that many of us who are studying or involved in communication and media should be paying attention to. And these are not easy conversations. There are not easy answers. We don't have specific solutions right now, but we have to, we have to take it seriously.

The fact that. The way that's, that the internet and social media is functioning right now, in many ways, are representing a, a big threat to our democracies. And when we're talking about historically marginalized communities, we still have all these problems of not having enough spaces to be heard in a way that you are not being attacked in a way that you're not being, uh, made invisible again.

So I, I think I'm, I'm less optimistic, but that gives us also more reasons to be discussing about this, right? To try to find solutions together.

Noble:

Mm-hmm. I gotcha. It's almost, it almost feels like more important because of all that, you know what I mean? Like that we got no choice but to, but to talk about it.

Um, mm-hmm. And you're right, it doesn't, it doesn't really feel like there's an easy solution there. Um, definitely seems like a, a lot will, will have to change. Um, I got one last thing for you. I'm sorry. Um mm-hmm. What, do you know what, what the, uh, access to new media technologies and, and let's just say like the internet in general, um, back in Brazil, has it, has it gotten better? Is it still in a place where there still needs to be a lot of work done? Do you know anything about that? Like currently?

Raiana:

I know it, it has gotten better for sure. Uh, many more people have access, uh, to the internet now. Um. But I think the trend, but that's not specific to Brazil. I think maybe the trend that less, more so in rural areas than urban areas.

I think a lot of the access in Brazil is still through mobile phones. For example, a lot of it I think is still, uh, to use chat apps like WhatsApp. Mm-hmm. So I think there is more access now, but then it goes back to this idea of what kind of access is this. And I think for, uh, some groups, because of this digital divide is not always used to find more information or even to be able to express yourself.

Um. So that's my impression now. But definitely more penetration, definitely some advances in terms of digital inclusion, but definitely not enough.

Noble:

Mm-hmm. Gotcha. Alright, well that's all I got for you Dr. Raiana. Thank you so much again for agreeing to do this with me. Course. It was very interesting to hear, um, this perspective, and that's kind of the whole part of the project was to like kind of hear, um, like.

Here's something about, like, obviously a lot of people know about the start of internet, but you know, there's not a lot of books about what that looks like in Brazil and, and mm-hmm. You know, in other places. So it was, it was very, um, productive and, and I really enjoyed hearing your perspective on this stuff and, um, absolute pleasure to meet you and I look forward to seeing you around campus.

Raiana:

Yeah, me too. Me too. Good luck. Good luck with your project much. I really appreciate you again. Okay. Of course. Anytime. Take care. Have a good one. Yep, you as well. Bye-bye. You too.

Raw Footage OF THE INTERVIEWS

Citations

California State University, Los Angeles. Oral History: Legacies and Minorities. Perspectives. Accessed April 25, 2025. https://www.calstatela.edu/sites/default/files/oral_history.pdf.
Rowinski, Martin. "How Small Businesses Drive the American Economy." Forbes, March 25, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/03/25/how-small-businesses-drive-the-american-economy/.
Yahoo Finance. "10 Businesses That Got Killed by the Internet." Yahoo Finance, March 25, 2019. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/10-businesses-got-clobbered-internet-131856138.html.
Day 26 Slide Deck + Class Discussion
Miller, Claire Cain. "Dot-Com Crash Catches Up With Venture Capitalists." The New York Times, February 2, 2010. https://archive.nytimes.com/bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/02/dot-com-crash-catch-up-with-venture-capitalists/.Venture Deals
Vanderhoof, Erin. "Black Twitter: A People’s History Proves That 'American Culture Is Black Culture'." Vanity Fair, May 7, 2024. https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/story/black-twitter-a-peoples-history-prentice-penny-interview.
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Hettrick, Scott. 1995. "TCI Feeling @ Home on Internet." The Hollywood Reporter (Archive: 1930-2015) 337 (7) (May 05): 4-4, 79. https://login.libproxy.furman.edu/login?auth=shib&url=https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/tci-feeling-home-on-internet/docview/2469278742/se-2.
Sherman, Jay. 1999. "Microsoft Feels Home in Cable Internet Access." The Hollywood Reporter (Archive: 1930-2015) 357 (41) (May 14): 34. https://www.proquest.com/eima/docview/2469228430/AAEB3952309C47D2PQ/17?accountid=11012&sourcetype=Trade%20Journals

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