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Plumbers have a responsibility to design, install, test and maintain cold water systems correctly. We also need to advise customers on good usage. Therefore we need to know about how water is used and how best to design the system to suit the customers needs.
Plumbers have a responsibility to design, install, test and maintain cold water systems correctly. We also need to advise customers on good usage. Therefore we need to know about how water is used and how best to design the system to suit the customers needs.
Surface Water
Surface Water
Lakes
Lakes
Reservoirs
Reservoirs
Rivers
Rivers
Streams
Streams
Lakes and reservoirs
After a report in 1963 on the expanding population of North East Essex, Ardleigh Reservoir was developed.Raw water is taken in from the river Colne via a pumping station. Most of the pumping takes place in winter and a close eye has to be kept so that levels do not harm the river environment.
At full rate the intake can transfer 36 million litres of water per day! The normal rate is around 18 million litres.At the intake station the water is screened to prevent fish and other unwanted matter getting into the system. It is then pumped 5km to the reservoir.
Prior to entering the reservoir ‘Ferric Sulphate’ is added to reduce the phosphate levels. (High phosphate levels encourage the growth of algae).The reservoir itself covers some 57 hectares and when full contains 2200 million litres.A draw off tower is sited at the deepest point and draws water from 3 different levels to ensure the most suitable water is selected.
Once in the treatment plant, the sludge is drawn off and the ‘clarified’ water is then ‘disinfected’ with ‘ozone’ gas before filtration.
The filtration stage consists of granular activated carbon and sand filters. These filters trap any fine suspended matter and organic matter including pesticides.Every so often these filters need cleaning, which is carried out by an air and water flush, with the debris taken to a sludge lagoon.
The water then travels to a stage where the final pH adjustment takes place and chlorine is added. The water is then stored for long enough for the chlorine to kill off an remaining bacteria. (Sometimes UV treated) Sulphur dioxide is added to reduce the chlorine levels so the water can then be distributed to the customer.
A 9 million litre tank stores the water which is has two variable speed pumps discharging through 600mm diameter mains.
Ardleigh Reservoir services about 150,000 homes.Samples are taken regularly throughout the day and have to comply with 50 standards! The 600mm main is then divided in to smaller pipes until eventually is a 100, 63, 50, 32 or 25mm pipe serving a particular area. The pipes used to be made of cast iron, but have recently been replaced with MDPE pipe. (medium density polyethylene)
After a report in 1963 on the expanding population of North East Essex, Ardleigh Reservoir was developed.Raw water is taken in from the river Colne via a pumping station. Most of the pumping takes place in winter and a close eye has to be kept so that levels do not harm the river environment.
At full rate the intake can transfer 36 million litres of water per day! The normal rate is around 18 million litres.At the intake station the water is screened to prevent fish and other unwanted matter getting into the system. It is then pumped 5km to the reservoir.
Prior to entering the reservoir ‘Ferric Sulphate’ is added to reduce the phosphate levels. (High phosphate levels encourage the growth of algae).The reservoir itself covers some 57 hectares and when full contains 2200 million litres.A draw off tower is sited at the deepest point and draws water from 3 different levels to ensure the most suitable water is selected.
Once in the treatment plant, the sludge is drawn off and the ‘clarified’ water is then ‘disinfected’ with ‘ozone’ gas before filtration.
The filtration stage consists of granular activated carbon and sand filters. These filters trap any fine suspended matter and organic matter including pesticides.Every so often these filters need cleaning, which is carried out by an air and water flush, with the debris taken to a sludge lagoon.
The water then travels to a stage where the final pH adjustment takes place and chlorine is added. The water is then stored for long enough for the chlorine to kill off an remaining bacteria. (Sometimes UV treated) Sulphur dioxide is added to reduce the chlorine levels so the water can then be distributed to the customer.
A 9 million litre tank stores the water which is has two variable speed pumps discharging through 600mm diameter mains.
Ardleigh Reservoir services about 150,000 homes.Samples are taken regularly throughout the day and have to comply with 50 standards! The 600mm main is then divided in to smaller pipes until eventually is a 100, 63, 50, 32 or 25mm pipe serving a particular area. The pipes used to be made of cast iron, but have recently been replaced with MDPE pipe. (medium density polyethylene)
Mains Distribution
Mains Distribution
A typical mains distribution system
A typical mains distribution system
This now means a road could be served by a 25mm pipe with individual 20mm MDPE pipe serving each house. MDPE pipe is generally fusion welded with some compression fittings.
With cast iron and MDPE pipes a screwdown ferrule connector or service union is installed allowing the valve to be opened or closed with a ferrule key.
Supply pipework to domestic building
Supply pipework to domestic building
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