An Italian embassy official and a World Food Programme driver were also killed in the ambush which took place near Nyiragongo volcano in Virunga Park where mountain forests are home to dozens of armed groups, some of them linked to the 1994 Rwandan genocide.

The ambush on Monday occurred as the convoy carrying Ambassador Luca Attanasio was travelling from the city of Goma to visit a World Food Programme (WFP) school feeding project in Rutshuru, according to the United Nations agency. It said several other passengers travelling with the delegation sustained injuries during the attack.


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On 13 May 2020, the Italian law converting Law Decree no. 16 of 11 March 2020, containing "Urgent provisions for the organization and holding of the Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games Milan Cortina 2026 and the ATP Turin 2021 - 2025 finals, as well as on the prohibition of parasitic activities"[1]("Law Decree 16/2020") came into force, introducing a general regulation of so-called ambush marketing.

The provisions of Law Decree 16/2020 - although currently relevant and urgent in view of the important sporting events that will take place in Italy in the coming years (in particular, the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games Milan-Cortina 2026 and the ATP Tennis Finals Turin 2021-2025) - provide for a structural regulation of ambush marketing, applicable in general to any sporting event or exhibition of national or international importance.

Ambush marketing consists of the abusive association of an enterprise's image, brands or products with a major event of particular media appeal, in the absence of any sponsorship, licensing or similar relationship with the event organizer. In this way, the enterprise that carries out ambush marketing actions (the so-called "ambusher") unduly associates its brand with the event in order to exploit its media appeal, without bearing the related costs.

The expression "ambush marketing" was coined in the early 1980s by marketing expert Jerry Welsh, with reference to the exploitation of commercial spaces not covered by the official sponsors of sports events. The practice is, in fact, particularly known in the sports field, yet it can occur in all situations in which there is an abusive exploitation of the media appeal of a particular event or manifestation.

Various types of ambush marketing have been identified and classified by certain commentators into the categories of direct, indirect and incidental ambushing. Such types of ambush marketing include, for instance:

In particular, in the context of unfair competition under Article 2598 of the Italian Civil Code, ambush marketing conducts have been regarded as, depending on the case, parasitic competition, misappropriation or appropriation of merits.

Recently, the Court of Milan, with a unique decision in the Italian case law on ambush marketing, ordered a compensation for damages amounting to 1.8 million Euros plus interest for unfair competition acts which were, indeed, regarded as ambush marketing practices (see Bird & Bird with TIM S.p.A. wins important ambush marketing case, Italian only).

On the legislative level, it is worth remembering that, in the past, the Italian legislator had already decided to regulate the figure of ambush marketing with ad hoc provisions. Specifically, in view of the "Turin 2006" Winter Olympics, Law no. 167/2005 provided for the prohibition, effective until 31 December 2006, to "undertake parasitic marketing activities ("ambush marketing"), meant as activities parallel to those carried out by economic or non-economic entities, authorized by the organizers of the sports event, in order to obtain an economic profit"; another attempt to regulate ambush marketing, albeit with limited effectiveness, is represented by Law Decree no. 43/2013, which provided for the adoption of measures aimed at repressing ambush marketing actions on the occasion of Expo 2015; however, the Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers that was supposed to identify such measures has never been issued.

Article 11 of Law Decree 16/2020 provides for a limitation in time for the prohibition of ambush marketing, providing that it shall operate from the date of registration of the logos, brands or official trademarks of the sports or trade fair event and up to 180 days after the official end date of the event.

In any case, this is without prejudice to the application of the other law provisions aimed at protecting those affected by ambush marketing practices. Therefore, civil remedies (in particular, those provided for in the context of unfair competition) and consumer protection provisions remain applicable.

With this inaugural decision on the subject, the Italian Competition Authority has thus provided its initial guidelines in the field of ambush marketing, to which companies will have to pay increased attention when conducting their advertising campaigns.

The British plan to trap the 10th Army had worked, despite the British being outnumbered 4:1 in medium tanks and most of the Italian tanks being new, while the British tanks had covered more than 1,000 mi (1,600 km) since the beginning of Operation Compass in December 1940. The speed of the dash from Mechili had surprised the Italians, despite the obvious danger of such a move, especially when the British reached Msus on 4 February; had the Italians on the Via Balbia been prepared for a road block and made an organised attack, the 10th Army might have escaped. The British had gambled with the provision of fuel and supplies, which were capable only of sustaining a short operation and narrowly succeeded but the pursuit could not continue beyond El Agheila, due to broken-down and worn out vehicles. On 8 February, the 11th Hussars (advance guard of 7th Armored Division) patrolled westwards without air cover to the area 130 mi (210 km) east of Sirte , lifting prisoners and equipment and finding no organised Italian defences till reaching El Agheila on 9th February where they halted for good. An Italian tank battalion survived the ambush at Beda Fomm and bogged down in salt marshes around Agadebia surrendered to last man to a an British armored car patrol from 11th Hussars.

When Italy was chosen as hosting country of the 2006 Winter Olympics, the House adopted Law no. 167 of August 17, 2005, introducing temporary provisions (in force until December 31st, 2006) to protect official sponsors' rights. Such provisions addressed specifically the practice of ambush marketing, defined as "activities parallel to those undertaken by economic or noneconomic bodies authorized by the organizers of the sporting events, with the aim of making a profit" and considered as illicit.

An Italian soldier uses a metal detector to simulate searching for mines and improvised explosive devices ahead of a mine-resistant, ambush-protected vehicle during a demonstration on Forward Operating Base Farah, Afghanistan, Aug. 8, 2013. The vehicle, equipped with mine rollers to detect mines and improvised explosive devices, was part of a demonstration to show how troops clear routes.

RUF Attacks on U.N. Mission Personnel, May 1, 2000: On 1 May in Makeni, Sierra Leone, Revolutionary United Front (RUF) militants kidnapped at least 20 members of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) and surrounded and opened fire on a UNAMSIL facility, according to press reports. The militants killed five UN soldiers in the attack. RUF militants kidnapped 300 UNAMSIL peacekeepers throughout the country, according to press reports. On 15 May in Foya, Liberia, the kidnappers released 139 hostages. On 28 May, on the Liberia and Sierra Leone border, armed militants released unharmed the last of the UN peacekeepers. In Freetown, according to press reports, armed militants ambushed two military vehicles carrying four journalists. A Spaniard and one U.S. citizen were killed in a May 25 car bombing in Freetown for which the RUF was probably responsible. Suspected RUF rebels also kidnapped 21 Indian UN peacekeepers in Freetown on June 6. Additional attacks by RUF on foreign personnel followed.

Attack on a Bus in the Philippines, December 26, 2002: Armed militants ambushed a bus carrying Filipino workers employed by the Canadian Toronto Ventures Inc. Pacific mining company in Zamboanga del Norte. Thirteen persons were killed and 10 wounded. Philippine authorities suspected the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), which had been extorting money from Toronto Ventures. The Catholic charity Caritas-Philippines said that Toronto Ventures had harassed tribesmen who opposed mining on their ancestral lands.

Attacks on Other Coalition Personnel in Iraq, November 29-30, 2003: Iraqi insurgents stepped up attacks on nationals of other members of the Coalition. On November 29, an ambush in Mahmudiyah killed 7 out of a party of 8 Spanish intelligence officers. Iraqi insurgents also killed two Japanese diplomats near Tikrit. On November 30, another ambush near Tikrit killed two South Korean electrical workers and wounded two more. A Colombian employee of Kellogg Brown & Root was killed and two were wounded in an ambush near Balad.

The ambush happened at about 10.15am local time (8.15am UK time) near the town of Kanyamahoro, about 15 miles (25 km) north of Goma, said a spokesman for Virunga National Park, Oliver Mukisya, who added that it was an attempted kidnapping.

The decision to launch the operation was made after coalition forces determined the kidnappers had started heading south Monday morning in two cars, Parisi said. Italian special forces ambushed the convoy.

Suspected Mafia gunmen ambushed a senior Sicilian judge as he returned home to Palermo from a country weekend with his handicapped son, killing them both in a burst of automatic weapons fire, Italian police said Monday.

The Via Rasella ambush on March 23, 1944, was the largest partisan attack carried out in occupied Italy. It came at a complicated time in the war. Allied forces were closing in on Rome from Monte Cassino to the southeast and from the Anzio/Nettuno beachhead to the south. be457b7860

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