Extending the investigations begun in her Translingual Practice, Lydia Liu here scrutinizes the linguistic and semiotic perturbations that accompanied the rise of one empire and the tottering of another. Words here function as gifts, as missiles and as mirrors-- and sometimes as all three at once. In law, grammar, religion, diplomacy, media, and other domains, Lydia Liu uncovers the mutual implication of Asian modernity and a colonial ideal of sovereignty, the better to enable us to imagine a future that might be different.

Liu offers an innovative analysis of the relationship between language and empire. Drawing on 'the semiotic turn of international relations,' she demonstrates how discourses on the meaning of 'sovereignty' shaped relations between the British Empire and China throughout the 19th century...The study's ambitious and rewarding interdisciplinary approach breaks new ground and will be embraced by scholars from a variety of fields.


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The book meticulously explicates the ways in which traces of imperialism of the nineteenth century still define our international worldview. By putting China's cultural/linguistic encounter with the British empire at the center of her examination of the colonial legacy, [Liu] also makes a case for the relevance of postcolonial critique to China studies...By unpacking the psychological and moral entanglements and struggles between the imperialists and their victims, The Clash of Empires takes us to rethink the power structure that undergirds the norms of international politics in the postcolonial world...In identifying new issues and exploring new methodology, this book is remarkably ambitious and has pointed contemporary scholarship's reflection on the topic to a new direction.

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Montezuma was the unluckiest of kings. History elected him to oversee the ruin of the last great Central American empire. Other Aztec rulers had encountered setbacks in their conquests. For Montezuma it was different. He confronted an alien empire from across the sea. In its leader, the Spaniard Hernan Cortez, he faced an opponent as astute and skillful as himself. In the end, Cortez proved the more determined of the two.

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The ultimate victory of the British forces united an empire on both sides of the Atlantic that seemed invincible. Yet the Seven Years War was more than a military contest: it was a clash of political cultures that transformed colonial society in profound ways and laid the foundations of the Revolutionary era that was to follow a little more than a decade later.

In the 13th episode of Scott's Empires series, he finds a secluded cave at the bottom of a mountain behind his empire, Rivendell, while in search for moss. Inside the cave is a cavern full of crimson corruption, vines, mossy cobblestone and bricks, along with unnatural blocks such as gold and shroomlights. In the middle of the cavern is a lectern with the book.

The break-up of the Ottoman empire and the disintegration of the Russian empire were watershed events in modern history. The unravelling of these empires was both cause and consequence of World War I and resulted in the deaths of millions. It irrevocably changed the landscape of the Middle East and Eurasia and reverberates to this day in conflicts throughout the Caucasus and Middle East. Shattering Empires draws on extensive research in the Ottoman and Russian archives to tell the story of the rivalry and collapse of two great empires. Overturning accounts that portray their clash as one of conflicting nationalisms, this pioneering study argues that geopolitical competition and the emergence of a new global interstate order provide the key to understanding the course of history in the Ottoman-Russian borderlands in the twentieth century. It will appeal to those interested in Middle Eastern, Russian, and Eurasian history, international relations, ethnic conflict, and World War I.

But this fierce struggle was only one moment in a centuries-long series of wars fought between two great empires - the Ottoman Turk and the Russian - for control of a swath of land and peoples stretching from the Balkans in the west to the deserts and mountains of Central Asia in the east (see the time line below and on Pages 10 and 11). Along this geopolitical fault line, the Muslim world and Eastern Christendom met and clashed.

The Ottoman Empire is long gone. And the Russian Empire has collapsed under the weight of the decayed Soviet Communist state. Now modern Turkey and post-imperial Russia must grapple with the consequences of the end of the old order. They must find new forms of cooperation to avoid a renewed clash of civilizations. But to do so, both Russians and Turks must overcome a historical legacy of mistrust and competing messianic myths.

The collapse of the Soviet Union has stripped away much of the empire Russia won in those wars. Crimea is now part of independent Ukraine. The Caucasus is divided among the Christian nations of Georgia and Armenia, and Muslim Azerbaijan. Across the Caspian Sea are the new independent nations of Central Asia - Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.

THE map reflects many Turks' excitement in rediscovering a common linguistic and cultural heritage that links the Turks of Anatolia to their distant Turkic cousins. Aydin Yalchin, a historian at Ankara University, notes that the Seljuk Turks built a great empire in Central Asia, providing models for much of later Ottoman rule.

I approached the book with initial reluctance as I have taken issue with Cole's political positions and analysis of the Syrian conflict, but I was persuaded to give this book a chance on its own merits after reading G.W. Bowersock The Crucible of Islam which covered similar terrain to Cole's new book but which served more as an introduction to Islam as a movement in-between warring empires.

The purpose of this study is to analyze concepts of diversity when applied at the level of such large entities as race, ethnicity, society, nation, empire, state, and civilization as compared to groups integrated by common values and/or interests, such as castes, elites, classes, and nets. Such social ideologies as nationalism, racism, and others will also be analyzed from the point of view of their roles in the evolution of civilization. This evolution will be analyzed in the stages of Early, Colonial, Imperial, Post-Imperial, Globalizing, and Universal Civilizations, which terms will be defined in the course of this paper. Furthermore, benefits and costs of historic diversity solutions will be estimated as a base to create challenging diversity and multiculturalism-oriented policies in the 21st century. The latter will be analyzed in the context of these policies in the current nine civilizations (Western, Eastern, Japanese, Chinese, Islamic, Hindu, Buddhist, African, Global) in order to define an optimal solution (balancing assimilation and isolation tendencies) which eventually may eliminate the negatives of multiculturalism and address the concepts of state, global and world citizenships within a hybrid culture. Recommendations are offered to improve the current civilization's social dynamics. Key words: clash of people, race, ethnicity, castes, classes, elites, nets, society, nation, empire, civilization, multiculturalism, diversity, nationalism, racism, hybrid culture, global citizenship. 006ab0faaa

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