Chapter 7.1 Cloud Computing

7.1.1 Introduction

Historically, for software to run on a computer, an individual copy of the software had to be installed on the computer, either from a disk or, more recently, after being downloaded from the Internet. The concept of “cloud” computing changes this, however.

To understand cloud computing, we first have to understand what the cloud is. “The cloud” refers to applications, services, and data storage on the Internet. These service providers rely on giant server farms and massive storage devices that are connected via Internet protocols. Cloud computing is the use of these services by individuals and organizations.

You probably already use cloud computing in some forms. For example, if you access your e-mail via your web browser, you are using a form of cloud computing. If you use Google Drive’s applications, you are using cloud computing. While these are free versions of cloud computing, there is big business in providing applications and data storage over the web. Salesforce (see above) is a good example of cloud computing – their entire suite of CRM applications are offered via the cloud. Cloud computing is not limited to web applications: it can also be used for services such as phone or video streaming.

7.1.2 Advantages of Cloud Computing

• No software to install or upgrades to maintain.

• Available from any computer that has access to the Internet.

• Can scale to a large number of users easily.

• New applications can be up and running very quickly.

• Services can be leased for a limited time on an as-needed basis.

• Your information is not lost if your hard disk crashes or your laptop is stolen.

• You are not limited by the available memory or disk space on your computer.

7.1.3 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

• Your information is stored on someone else’s computer – how safe is it?

• You must have Internet access to use it. If you do not have access, you’re out of luck.

• You are relying on a third-party to provide these services.

Cloud computing has the ability to really impact how organizations manage technology. For example, why is an IT department needed to purchase, configure, and manage personal computers and software when all that is really needed is an Internet connection?

7.1.4 Using a Private Cloud

Many organizations are understandably nervous about giving up control of their data and some of their applications by using cloud computing. But they also see the value in reducing the need for installing software and adding disk storage to local computers. A solution to this problem lies in the concept of a private cloud. While there are various models of a private cloud, the basic idea is for the cloud service provider to section off web server space for a specific organization. The organization has full control over that server space while still gaining some of the benefits of cloud computing.

7.1.5 Virtualization

One technology that is utilized extensively as part of cloud computing is “virtualization.” Virtualization is the process of using software to simulate a computer or some other device. For example, using virtualization, a single computer can perform the functions of several computers. Companies such as EMC provide virtualization software that allows cloud service providers to provision web servers to their clients quickly and efficiently. Organizations are also implementing virtualization in order to reduce the number of servers needed to provide the necessary services. For more detail on how virtualization works, see this informational page from VMWare.

Attribution

Libretext Bourgeois via Saylor Foundation. This page titled 3.5: Cloud Computing is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David T. Bourgeois (Saylor Foundation) .

Chapter 7.2 Social Computing

This section is authored by Gabrielle Brixey MBA

Social computing is defined as the intersection of human social behavior and computational systems that reconstruct social conventions to facilitate interaction, informed decision-making, and collaboration. The historical evolution of social computing is traced from early systems like ARPANET and bulletin board systems to the emergence of social networking platforms such as GeoCities, Friendster, and LinkedIn. The integration of web technologies in the mid-1990s led to the migration of online communities, while advancements in compression technology broadened the range of shareable media from text to images and videos. 

7.2.1 What is Social Computing?

As you read, Social computing is a prominent branch of computer science, that investigates the dynamic interplay between individuals and computational systems, highlighting the inherently social nature of computing. It encompasses various online activities, contrasting personal computing by emphasizing the social and interactive dimensions. Examples include blogs, wikis, Twitter, and social networking sites, all aimed at enhancing user social engagement with technology. The term "social computing" should not be confused with artificial intelligence, as its primary focus is to imbue computers with social capabilities and create a more socially engaging experience for users.

7.2.2 Benefits of Social Computing

Social computing brings forth numerous benefits, transforming the way individuals and organizations interact with technology. It accelerates knowledge access and information sharing, leading to more efficient communication. Additionally, it plays a pivotal role in cost reduction by minimizing travel expenses and lowering overall operation costs. In the business realm, social networking facilitates the dissemination of information, reduces interruptions, and connects users with experts, ultimately contributing to increased performance and service quality. The positive impact extends to areas such as enhanced web/mobile business performance, improved marketing strategies, and increased economic revenue.

7.2.3 Types of Social Computing

The study of social computing involves two main research themes: sociological study and applied research. In the realm of computational social science, social networks analysis and the application of computer technology to societal studies take precedence. This involves the use of methods such as agent-based modeling, theoretical physics methods, and graph theory. On the other hand, application-oriented social computing involves the practical application of principles and technologies like communities, social networks, and sociology. This field has evolved through stages such as group software, social software, and the advent of social media in the Web 2.0 era. Examples include collaborative technologies, social media platforms, and various interactive applications.

The principles constant in social computing systems may have broader applications in the design of networked computer systems. The discussion extends to the importance of cognitive diversity in solving complex problems, citing the rise of the web as a catalyst for research on the "wisdom of crowds" phenomenon. The collective achievement in science and technology is explored, suggesting that diversity and independence play critical roles in advancing fields. 

7.2.4 Conclusion

In conclusion, social computing stands at the forefront of technological evolution, fundamentally altering the way individuals, businesses, and societies engage with computational systems. Its broad spectrum, ranging from sociological study to practical application, underscores its significance in shaping the digital landscape. As we navigate the interconnected world of blogs, wikis, social networks, and beyond, the importance of social computing in enhancing innovation, increasing productivity, and improving user relations becomes increasingly evident. This chapter equips learners with a comprehensive understanding of social computing, preparing them for the challenges and opportunities presented by the continually evolving intersection of technology and society.

 The above text was remixed from the Open Educational Resource LibreText: 8.5 Computing by A.W. bates Contact Nord from Teaching in a Digital Age 2e By Bates. 

https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Education_and_Professional_Development/Teaching_in_a_Digital_Age_2e_(Bates)/08%3A_Pedagogical_differences_between_media/08.5%3A_Computing