PAPER I CH(OC)301T Synthetic Reagents, Advanced NMR, Conformational Analysis and ORD
Course Outcomes :
Students will be able to understand the protection of alcohols ,amines,carbonyls,1,2 diols.Understand the types of reagents.Uunderstand the types of 13Cnmr spectra and chemical shifts.Study of conformations of cyclohexane, mono, di and tri substituted cyclohexanes.OC-09: Synthetic Reagents I
OC-10:Synthetic Reagents II
OC-11: 13C NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopy
OC-12:Conformational analysis (Cyclic systems) & ORD
i)Protecting groups: a) Protection of alcoholsby ether, silyl ether and esterformation Protection of 1,2-diols by acetal, ketal and carbonate formation c) Protection of amines by benzyloxycarbonyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl,fmoc and triphenyl methyl groups. d) Protection of carbonyls by acetal, ketal and thiol acetal (Umpolung)groups. e) Protection of carboxylic acids by ester and ortho ester (OBO) formation.
ii)Organometallic Reagents: Preparation and application of the following in organic synthesis: 1) Organolithium 2) Organo copper reagents3) Organoboranes in C-C bond formation 4) Organo silicon reagents: reactions involving β-carbocations and α-carbanions, utility of trimethyl silyl halides, cyanides and triflates.
iii) Carbonyl methylenation:a) Phosphorousylide mediated olefination 1) Witting reaction, 2) Horner-Wordsworth-Emmons reaction.b) Titanium- Carbene mediated olefination 1) Tebbe reagent, 2) Petasis reagent 3) Nysted reagent.
Carbene insertions: Rh based carbene complexes, cyclopropanations.
C-H Activation: Introduction, Rh catalysed C-H activation.
i)Oxidations: a) Oxidation of active C-H functions: DDQ and SeO2.b) Alkenes to diols: Prevost and Woodward oxidation c) Alcohol to carbonyls:CrVI oxidants (Jones reagent, PCC, PDC) IBX, DMP, CAN, TEMPO, TPAP, Swern oxidation d) Oxidative cleavage of 1,2-diols: Periodic acid and Lead tetra acetate.
ii)Reductions: a) Catalytic hydrogenation: Homogenous (Wilkinsons’s catalytic hydrogenation)and heterogeneous catalytic reduction. b) Non-metallic reductions: Diimide reduction c)Dissolving metal reductions: Birch reduction. d) Nucleophilic metal hydrides: LiAlH4, NaBH4, and their modifications.e) Electrophilic metal hydrides: BH3, AlH3 and DIBAL. f) Use of tri-n-butyl tin hydride: Radical reductions.
i)13C NMR spectroscopy: Introduction, Types of 13Cnmr spectra: undecoupled, proton-decoupled and off-resonance decoupled (ORD) spectra. 13C chemical shifts, factors affecting the chemical shifts, chemical shifts of organic compounds. Calculation of chemical shifts of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Homonuclear (13C, 13C J) and heteronuclear (13C,1H J and 13C, 2H J) coupling. Applications of 13C-NMR spectroscopy: Structure determination, stereochemistry, reaction mechanisms and dynamic processes in organic molecules. 13C-NMR spectral editing techniques: principle and applications of APT, INEPT and DEPT methods.
2D-NMR spectroscopy: Principles of 2D NMR, Classification of 2D-experiments. Correlation spectroscopy (COSY) HOMOCOSY (1H-1H COSY) , TOCSY (Total Correlation Spectroscopy), HeteroCOSY (1H,13C COSY,HMQC), long range 1H,13C COSY (HMBC),Homonuclear and Heteronuclear 2D-J-resolved spectroscopy, NOESY and 2D-INADEQUATE experiments and their applications.
Conformational analysis (Cyclic systems) Study of conformations of cyclohexane, mono, di and tri substituted cyclohexanes, (1,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexanes and Menthols), cyclohexanone (2-alkyl and 3 -alkyl ketone effect), 2-halocyclohexanones, cycloheptane . Stereo chemistry of bicyclo[3,3,0]octanes,hydrindanes, decalins and perhydroanthracenes. Conformational structures of piperidine, N-Methylpiperidine, tropane, tropine, pseudotropine, decahydroquinolineand quinolizidine. Factors governing the reactivity of axial and equatorial substituents in cyclohexanes.( oxidation, SN2 reaction, rearrangements, Ester hydrolysis) Stereochemistry of addition to the carbonyl group of a rigid cyclohexanone ring.
Optical Rotatory Dispersion (ORD) and CD Spectroscopy:Optical rotation, circular birefringence, circular dichroism and Cotton effect. Plain curves and anomalous curves. Empirical and semiempiricalrules-The axial haloketone rule, the octant rule, Helicity rule, Exciton chirality method. Application of the rules to the study of absolute configuration and conformations of organic molecules.
Recommended Books:
1. Some modern methods of organic synthesis by W. Carruthers
2. Guidebook to organic synthesis, by R K Meckie, D M Smith & R A Atken
3. Organic Synthesis by O House
4. Organic synthesis by Micheal B Smith
5. Reagents for organic synthesis, by Fieser&Fieser, Vol 1-11 (1984)
6. Organic synthesis by Robert E Ireland
7. Handbooks of reagents for organic synthesis by Reich and Rigby, Vol-I-IV
8. Organic chemistry by Jonathan Clayden, Nick Greeves and Stuart Warren
9. Organic Reactions and their mechanisms by P.S.Kalsi
10. Organic reaction mechanisms by V.K.Ahulwalia and Rakesh Kumar Parashar
11. Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds by RM Silverstein, G C Bassler and T B Morrill
12. Organic Spectroscopy by William Kemp
13. Spectroscopic methods in Organic chemistry by DH Williams and I Fleming
14. Modern NMR techniques for chemistry research by Andrew B Derome
15. NMR in chemistry - A multinuclear introduction by William Kemp
16. Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds by P S Kalsi
17. Introduction to organic spectroscopy by Pavia
18. Carbon-13 NMR for organic chemists by GC Levy and O L Nelson
19. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Basic principles by Atta-ur-Rahman
20. Basic one and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy by Horst Friebolin
21. NMR spectroscopy by H.Gunther
22. Stereochemistry of organic compounds — Principles & Applications by D Nasipuri
23. Stereochemistry of Carbon compounds by Ernest L Eliel & Samuel H. wilen
24. Stereochemistry: Conformation & Mechanism by P S Kalsi
25. The third dimension in organic chemistry, by Alan Bassendale
26. Stereo selectivity in organic synthesis by R S Ward.
27. Advanced organic chemistry. Part A Structure & Mechanism by Francis A. Corey and Richard J. Sundberg
28. Optical rotatory dispersion by C Djerassi
29. Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism by P Crabbe
30. Mechanism and Structure in Organic chemistry by S Mukherjee
Paper II– CH (OC) 302T Modern Organic Synthesis
Course Outcomes :
The unit New Synthetic reactions gives us information about some very important and new reactions like Click reaction and also about some important reagents like Grubb’s CatalystStudy about Polypeptides,Oligosacharides Synthesis on Solid Support and some important rules followed for Endo and Exo cyclizations,Synthesis of drugs by Chiron approachIntroduction: Brief revision of classification of stereo selective reactions
Prostereoisomerism: Topicity in molecules Homotopic, stereoheterotopic (enantiotopic and diastereotopic) groups and faces- symmetry criteria.
Prochiral nomenclature: Pro chiraility and Pro-R, Pro-S, Re and Si. Conditions forstereoselectivity: Symmetry and transition state criteria, kinetic and thermodynamic control. Methods of inducing enantioselectivityy.
Analytical methods: % Enantiomeric excess and diastereomeric ratio. Determination of enantiomeric excess: specific rotation, Chiral NMR; Chiralderivatizing agents, Chiral solvent, Chiral shift reagents and Chiral HPLC.
Chiral Substrate controlled asymmetric synthesis: Nucleophilic additions to chiral carbonyl compounds. 1, 2- asymmetric induction, Cram’s rule and Felkin-Anh model. Chiral auxiliary controlled asymmetric synthesis: α-Alkylation of chiral enolates, Evan’s oxazolidinone, 1, 4-Asymmetric induction and Prelog’s rule..
Chiral reagent controlled asymmetric synthesis: Asymmetric reductions using BINAL-H. Asymmetric hydroboration using IPC2 BH and IPCBH2.
Chiral catalyst controlled asymmetric synthesis: Sharplessepoxidation. Asymmetric hydrogenations using chiral Wilkinson biphosphincatalyst. Asymmetric aldol reaction:Diastereoselective aldol reaction (achiral enolate& achiral aldehydes ) its explanation by Zimmerman-Traxelmodel.
Introduction:Terminology, Target, synthon, synthetic equivalent, functional group interconversion (FGI), functional group addition. Criteria for selection of target. Linear and convergent synthesis. Retrosynthetic analysis and synthesis involvingchemoselectivity, regioselectivity, reversal of polarity and cyclizations. . Order of events: S-Salbutamol, Propoxycaine..
One group C-C and C-X disconnections: Introduction .One group C-C disconnections in alcohols and carbonyl compounds. One group C-X disconnections in Carbonyl compounds, alcohols,ethers and sulphides.
Two group C-C and C-X disconnections :Introduction .Two group C-X disconnections in 1,1-difunctionalised, 1,2-difunctionalised and 1,3-difunctionalised compounds. Two group C-C disconnections: Diels-Alder reaction, 1,3-difunctionalised compounds, 1,5-difunctionalised compounds, Michael addition and Robinson annulation.
Control in carbonyl condensations:oxanamide and mevalonic acid.
Strategic bond: definition, guidelines for disconnection; disconnection of C-X bonds, disconnect to greatest simplification, using symmetry in disconnection, disconnection corresponding to known reliable reaction, high yielding steps and recognizable starting materials. Retrosynthesis ofRetronecene, longifoline.
Metal mediated C-C and C-X coupling reactions:Suzuki, Heck, Stille,Sonogishira crosscoupling,Buchwald-Hartwigand Negishi-Kumadacoupling reactions.
C=C Formation Reactions:Shapiro, Bamford-Stevens, McMurreyreactions,Julia-Lythgoeolefinationand Peterson’s stereoselective olefination. Multicomponent Reactions:Ugi,Passerini, Biginelli, Bergman and Mannichreactions.
Ring Formation Reactions:Pausan-Khand reaction, Nazerov cyclisation.
Click Chemistry:Click reaction, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.
6.Metathesis:Grubb’s 1st and 2nd generation catalyst, Olefin cross coupling metathesis(OCM), ring closing metathesis(RCM), ring opening metathesis(ROM), applications.
Other important synthetic reactions:Baylis-Hilman reaction,Eschenmoser-Tanabe fragmentation,Mitsunobu reaction,Stork-enamine reaction and Michael reactions.
Techniques in peptide synthesis: Solid phase peptide synthesis, commonly used resins (Rink resin, Wang resin and Ellman resin,synthesis of cross linked Merrifield resin and drawbacks of solid phase synthesis.
Solid phase oligodeoxynucleotide synthesis:Phosphotriester, phosphitetriester and phosphoramidite pathway
Oligosaccharide synthesis:Glycosidation:cylicoxocarbeniumion, glycosyl donors and glycosyl acceptors, Kahneglycosidation, convergent and linear oligosaccharide synthesis.
Phase Transfer catalysis: Onium and crwon ethers as PTC.
Tandem synthesis: Tandem reactions; conjugate addition-aldol reaction, polymerization-cyclisation, elctrocylic-Diels Alder reaction.
Baldwin Rules:Exo and Endo cyclisation, tetrahedral, trigonal and diagonal systems, favoured and disfavouredcyclisations.
7.Chiron approach in organic synthesis:Nature’s chiral pool, carbohydrates, amino acids, hydroxy acids, terpenes as chiral precursors. Synthesis of shikimic acid from D-arabinose, furanonycin from D-glucose, S-(-)-ipsenol from S-leucine.
8) Determination of absolute configuration: Mosher’s method.
Recommended Books:
1. Asymmetric synthesis by Nogradi
2. Asymmetric organic reactions by J D Morrison and H S Moschcr
3. Principles in Asymmetric synthesis by Robert E. Gawley&Jeffrey aube
4. Stereo differentiating reactions by Izumi
5. Some modern methods of organic synthesis by W Carruthers
6. Guidebook to organic synthesis, by R K Meckie, D M Smith & R A Atken
7. Organic synthesis by Michael B Smith
8. Organic Synthesis-The disconnection approach by S Warren
9. Organic Synthesis by C Willis and M Willis
10. Problems on organic synthesis by Stuart Warren
11. Organic chemistry Jonathan Clayden, Nick Greeves and Stuart Warren
12. The logic of chemical synthesis by Elias James Corey and Xue-Min Cheng
13. Name reactions by JieJacj Li
OC(CB1)-1: Carbohydrates
OC(CB1)-2: Nucleic acids and Lipids
OC(CB1)-3: Proteins and Enzymes
OC(CB1)-4: Coenzymes and Vitamins
Course Outcomes :
Carbohydrates as major sources of energy,proteins paring actionLipids as an energy sourceAmino acid helps build muscle and improves mood,boost exercise performance, prevent muscle loss and promote weight lossVitamins allows your body to grow and develop.They also play important roles in bodily functions such as metabolism Protein is an important building block of bones muscles,cartilage skin and bloodIntroduction to the importance of Carbohydrates. Types of naturally occuring sugars. Deoxy sugars, aminosugars, branched chain sugars mrthyl ethers and acid derivatives of sugars. Determination of configuration and determination of ring size of D-glucose and D-Fructose. Conformational analysis of monosaccharides.4C1 and 1C4 conformations of D-glucose. Reactions of six carbon sugars: Ferrier, Hanesian reaction and Ferrier rearrangement. Synthesis of amino, halo and thio sugars. Structure, ring size determination of sucrose and maltose.Conformational structures of sucrose, lactose, maltose, cellobiose and gentobiose. Structure and biological functions of starch, cellulose, glycogenand chitin. Role of sugars in cell to cell recognition, blood groups.
Nucleic acids: Retro synthetic analysis of nucleic acids - Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Nucleotide bases and Sugars. Structure and synthesis of nucleosides and nucleotides. Primary, secondary and tertiary structure of DNA. Types of mRNA,tRNA and rRNA. Replication, transcription and translation. Genetic code. Protein biosynthesis. DNA finger printing.
Lipids:Introduction and classification of lipids. Stereochemical notation in lipids.Chemical synthesis and biosynthesis of phospholipids and glycolipids. Properties of lipid aggregates, micelles, bilayers, liposomes and biological membranes.
Proteins:Introduction. Peptide bond, classification and nomenclatue of peptides. Amino acid sequence of polypeptides and proteins: terminal residue analysis and partial hydrolysis. Peptide synthesis by solution phase and solid phase synthesis methods. Proteins - Biological importance and classification - Primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. Enzymes: Definition. Classification based on mode of action.Mechanism of enzyme catalysis
Lock and Key, Induced- Fit and three point contact models. Enzyme selectivity –chemo, regio, diastereo and enantio selectivity – illustration with suitable examples. Factors affecting enzyme catalysis.Enzyme inhibition- reversible and irreversible inhibition. Enzymes in organic synthesis. Immobilised enzymes
Coenzymes: Introduction. Co-factors -cosubstrates -prosthetic groups. Classification — Vitamin derived coenzymes and metabolite coenzymes.Structure and biological functionsof coenzyme A, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), oxidized and reduced forms of I) nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide / their phosphates (NAD), NADH, NADP+ NADPH) ii) Flavin adenine nucleotide FAD, FADH2 and iii) Flavin mononucleotide (FMN, FMNH2) lipoic acid, biotin, tetrahydrofolate and ubiquinone. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and uridine diphosphosugars (UDP-sugars) Mechanism of reactions catalyzed by the above coenzymes.
Vitamins: Introduction, classification and biological importance of vitamins. Structure determination and synthesis of vitamins A, B1, and B2. Synthesis of vitamins - B6, C, E and K. Structure of vitamin B12.
Reference Books:
1. Organic Chemistry Vol.I and Vol.II by I.L.Finar
2. Carbohydrate Chemistry by Barton Volumes
3. Carbohydrate chemistry by G.J.Boons
4. The chemistry of natural products:vol.V - carbohydrates by S.F.Dyke
5. Organic Chemistry by McMurry
6. Nucleic acids in Chemistry and Biology by G M Blackbum MI Gait
7. LehningerPrinciples of Biochemistry by D L Nelson and M MCoxon
8. Outlines of Biochemistry by Conn and Stumpf
9. Enzyme structure and mechanism by Fersht and Freeman
10. Enzymes for green organic synthesis by V.K.Ahluwalia
11. Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry by K Faber.
12. Principles of biochemistry by Horton &others.
13. Bioorganic chemistry - A chemical approach to enzyme action by Herman Dugasand Christopher Penney.
14. Concepts in Biotechnology by D.Balasubramanian& others
15. Chemistry and physiology of the vitamins by H.R.Rosenberg.
Course Outcomes :
The unit “Green Synthesis” provides us a new scope of Synthesis.Molecules with minimal or No pollution(green synthesis) by introducing a New technology of synthesis like MAOS,UAOS,green solvents,green catalyst.The unit “NanoMaterials” is an application of Supramolecular Chemistry at nanolevel which is an advanced technology developed with immense applications like Nanomanipulation,Molecular Devices,Types of Fullerenes,CNTs,Optoelectronic molecules“Supramolecular Chemistry” is an advanced technology which explains about Supramolecular interactions,Host-Guest Chemistry,Calixerenes, Cyclodextrins, Cyclophanes, Carcerands and hemicarcirands,Self-assembly,Enantioselective molecular recognitionOC (CB3) -9: Principles of Green chemistry
OC (CB3) -10: Green Synthesis
OC (CB3) -11: Organic nanomaterials
OC (CB3) -12: Supramolecular chemistry
Green chemistry: Introduction
Principles of Green Chemistry: Designing a Green Synthesis using these principles; Prevention of Waste/by-products; maximum incorporation of the starting materials used in the synthesis into the final products (Atom Economy); prevention/minimization of hazardous/toxic products; designing safer chemicals ; selection of appropriate auxiliary substances - green solvents, ionic liquids and solvent-free synthesis: energy requirements for reactions - use of microwaves, ultrasonic energy in organic synthesis; prevention of unnecessary derivatization – careful use of protecting groups; use of catalytic reagents in preference to stoichiometric reagents; designing of biodegradable products; prevention of chemical accidents; strengthening/development of analytical techniques to prevent and minimize the generation of hazardous substances in chemical processes.
i)Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS): introduction, benefits and limitations Microwave assisted reactions in organic solvents: Esterification, Fries rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement and Diels- Alder reaction.
b)Microwave assisted Solvent-free reactions: Deacetylation, saponification of esters, alkylation of reactive methylene compounds and synthesis of nitriles from aldehydes. ii)Ultrasound Assisted Organic Synthesis: introduction, applications of ultrasound-Cannizaro reaction, Reformatsky reaction and Strecker synthesis.
iii)Organic Synthesis in Green Solvents: introduction
Aqueous Phase Reactions: Diels-Alder Reaction, Heck reaction, Hoffmann elimination, Claisen-Schmidt condensation hydrolysis and diydroxylationreactions.
b)Organic Synthesis using Ionic liquids: Introduction, applications-Beckmann rearrangement Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction and Diels- Alder reaction.
iv) Green Catalysts in organic synthesis: introduction
Phase Transfer Catalysts in Organic Synthesis: Introduction, Williamson ether synthesis and Wittig reaction
Biocatalysts in Organic Synthesis: Biochemical (microbial) oxidations and reductions.
Introduction:The ‘top-down’ approach, the ‘bottom-up’ approach and Nanomanipulation. Molecular Devices: Photochemical devices, Liquid crystals, Molecular wires, Rectifiers,Molecular switches and Molecular Muscles.
New Carbon family: Types of Fullerenes, Types of Carbon nanotubes (Zig-Zag, Armchair and Chiral), Graphenes. Growth, Chemical Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of Fullerenes, CNTs (Zig Zag, Armchair and Chiral), singlewalled CNTs (SWCNTs) and multi walled MWCNTs)and Graphenes. Structures of aromatics belts, nano car and molecular machines.
Optoelectronic molecules: OLEDs, Organic Solar Cells (Basic OLED mechanism and structures) Natural Benzheterazoles and their synthetic modifications as optoelectronic molecules.
Introduction: Supramolecular interactions (ion-ion, ion-dipole, H-bonding, cation-π, anion-π, π-π and Van der Walls interactions),Ionophore and molecular receptors.
Host-Guest Chemistry: Lock and key anology, Structures and applications of Cryptands,Spherands, Calixerenes, Cyclodextrins, Cyclophanes, Carcerands and hemicarcirands.
Self-assembly: Ladder, polygons, helices, rotaxanes, catanenes, Molecular necklace, dendrimers, self-assembly capsules their synthesis, properties and applications. Enantioselective molecular recognition: Cyclodextrins, Crown ethers with chiral frame work, Chiral receptor from Kemp’s triacid. Chiral receptors for tartaric acid.
1. P.T. Anastes & J.K. Warmer: Oxford Green Chemistry- Theory and Practical, University Press (1998).
2. A.S. Matlack: Introduction to Green Chemistry, Marcel Deckkar, (2001).
3. M.C. Cann & M.E. Connely: Real-World cases in Green Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Washington (2000).
4. M.A. Ryan & M. Tinnesand, Introduction to Green Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Washington (2002).
5. V.K. Ahluwalia & M.R. Kidwai: New Trends in Green Chemistry, Anamalaya Publishers
6. Enantioselective organocatalysis, Peter I Dallco, Willey-VCH
7. Core Concepts in Supramolecular Chemistry and Nanochemistry by Jonathan W. Steed, David R. Turner and Karl J. Wallace; John-Wiley and Sons Publication
8. Supramolecular Chemistry by Jonathan W. Steed and Jerry L. Atwood, John-Wiley and Sons Publications
9. Supramolecular Chemistry-Concepts and Perspectives by J M. Lehn; Wiley-VCH (1995) Publications
10. Supramolecular Chemistry by P. D. Beer, P. A. Gale and D. K. Smith; Oxford University Press (1999)
11. Stereochemistry of organic compounds -Principles & Applications by D Nasipuri
12. Nanochemistry by G.B. Sergeev; Elsevier
13. Nanochemistry: A chemical approach to nano materials , G.A. Ozin& A.C. Arsenault; RSC publishers.
(A) Laboratory synthesis of the following compounds:
2-Phenyl indole (Fischer indole synthesis), 7-hydroxy-3-methyl flavone (Baker-Venkatraman reaction), 2,5-Dihydroxy acetophenone (Fries reaction), 4- Chlorotoluene from p-toluidine (Sandmeyer reaction), Benzilic acid from benzoin (Benzillic acid rearrangement), Benzpinacol (photochemical reaction), 7-hydroxy coumarin (Pechman synthesis), Photo-dimerization of maleic anhydride, benzophenone (Friedel-Crafts reaction), Benzanilide (Beckmann rearrangement), Vanillyl alcohol from vanillin ( NaBH4 reduction), 2- and 4-nitrophenols (nitration and separation by steam distillation), Acridone from Phthalic anhydride.
(B) Isolation of the following natural products:
Caffeine from tea leaves (solvent extraction), Piperine from pepper (Soxhlet extraction), Eucalyptus oil from leaves (steam distillation),Lycopene from tomatoes.
(C)Thin layer chromatography :Thin layer chromatography: Determination of purity( All the above preparations) , monitoring the progress of chemical reactions (any of the four above preparations), identification of unknown organic compounds by comparing the Rf values of known standards.
Separation of two component mixtures by chemical methods and their identification by chemical reactions — separation by using solvent ether, 5 % aqueous sodium bicarbonate, 5% sodium hydroxide and dil hydrochloric acid, checking the purity of the two components by TLC, identification of the compounds by a systematic study of the physical characteristics (mp/bp), extra elements (nitrogen, halogens and sulfur), solubility, functional groups, preparation of crystalline derivatives and identification by referring to literature. A minimum of 09 mixtures should be separated and analyzed by these procedures.
Cannizzaro reaction: 4-Chloro benzaldehyde as substrate and separation of the resulting two component mixture
Separation of three component mixtures by chemical methods. A minimum of two mixtures should be separated and analyzed.
Column chromatography: Separation of a mixture of ortho and para-nitroanilinesand any one of the two component mixture using silica gel as adsorbent and chloroform as the eluent. The column chromatography should be monitored by TLC.
1. Practical organic chemistry by Mann & Saunders
2. Text book of practical organic chemistry by Vogel
3. The systematic identification of organic compounds by Ralph L. Shriner, Christine K. F. Hermann, Terence C. Morrill and David Y. Curtin