A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally the word referred to a literal bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solderless breadboard, became available and nowadays the term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these.
There are two major types of breadboards; these are solder and solderless boards. Solder boards are boards you have to solder components onto (per the name). These are most of your standard circuit boards, and if you flip one over you'll notice that all of the connections are soldered to the board itself.
A breadboard is a platform you can use to build and test electronic circuits, usually without having to do any soldering. Certain parts of the breadboard are wired together so that electricity can flow from component to component in orderly rows.
The breadboard power supply stick regulates voltage from a 9V wall wart to either 5V or 3.3V to the power rails. A simple circuit, involving a button, an LED, and a resistor, built two different ways. The circuit goes as follows: There is a wire connecting the VCC power rail to the positive, anode leg of an LED.