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Cello Drones is required for all my students at the Berklee College of Music in Boston. The beauty of the sound creates a peaceful environment which makes practicing or improvising a true delight. I am seeing steady progress in intonation as my students and I work with the drones. Some days I press play and practice with the entire CD, it is both pleasurable and useful.


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My kids in the 7th grade orchestra are playing better in tune than ever before. Three days of practicing their scales with the drones has made a tremendous difference in their ability to discern pitch and adjust. (tricky keys, too - F, B-flat, E-flat Majors in 2 octaves).

My daughter's violin instructor had ordered a cello drones CD and used it during her last lesson. I was amazed at how much and how quickly it helped with my daughter's pitch and intonation. My daughter broke out into a great big smile. Thank you.

Playing with Cello Drones is an effective and enjoyable way to develop your ear and improve your intonation. A drone is a sustained tone, and playing or singing with a drone allows you to hear and adjust in relation to an ongoing reference pitch. Tuning to a drone develops awareness of frequency relationships which can carry over into listening and tuning in all playing situations. It adds a harmonic element which enhances the musicality of scale and passage work. As in many musical cultures, playing with a drone also provides a tonal atmosphere and harmonic base for improvisation.

The Cello Drones CD contains drones on all 12 chromatic pitches for tuning and improvisation in major, minor, modal, and scales of your own creation. Each track is approximately 6 minutes in length and consists of 5 sustained tones: 3 octaves of the tonic (the fundamental scale tone) and 2 octaves of the 5th. Software techniques have been used to ensure pitch accuracy. A = 440 Hz.

My cello students often come to college as music majors with what I jokingly refer to as 'freshmen intonation'. Freshmen intonation is not necessarily horrible intonation but it is intonation that needs much more refinement. The question at hand, therefore, is what are some basic ways we can develop better intonation on the cello.

First, let's define faulty intonation. Faulty intonation is the failure to tune intervals (the distance between pitches), both melodically and harmonically (intervals played harmonically are notes that sound simultaneously and melodic intervals are played successively). Whether it is the inability to match pitch or play a melody in tune or tune a note in a chord, all have to do with the failure to tune intervals.

Second, let's also understand that one's first line of defense in intonation is not actually the ear. Rather, it's muscle memory; it's feeling the finger spacing within the left-hand and the angle of the elbow. The ear is the second line of defense, informing the player if the muscle memory was correct. I've actually written a set of etudes along with Nick Nirva to help address the difficulty of changing finger spacing between the positions, a muscle memory issue. Feel free to check it out in my online store.

Having identified the problem, we need to come up with ways to improve intonation. This is a complex question because many factors contribute to centered intonation but there are some basic things that we can do to help us improve.

In my teaching I like to assign double stops (harmonic intervals or playing two notes simultaneously) to improve intonation. I find that the more one practices tuning double stops the better the ear and the muscle memory get, resulting in better intonation overall.

One can practice double stops through studies and playing with drone notes. Practicing thirds, sixths, and octaves have long been a staple of string pedagogy. Violoncello Technique by Mark Yampolsky edited by Gordon Epperson is an advanced book for this end. The Ivan Galamian Scale System for Violoncello edited by Hans Jorgen Jensen also has thirds, sixths, and octaves. If you would like a beginning book of double stops try Double Stops for Cello by Rick Mooney.

But one doesn't have to have a method book to practice double stops; they can and should be practiced right in the repertoire. We can tune notes to open strings and tune melodic notes as double stops. The repertoire is replete with double stop opportunities and we should take advantage of this.

We can also practice scales to drone notes. Teachers often hold drone notes for their cello students during scales and other passages. For example, when playing an E major scale it is helpful to tune each note of the scale to an E drone. We need to keep the tonic (1st note) of the scale in our ear as we are playing and not lose track of it. Playing a drone to the tonic of the scale is a great way to learn this.

Of course, this isn't the only facet of training that is important for good intonation; developing an organized method for shifting is also imperative. But a great place to start is practicing double stops within the same position.

So don't think of intonation in terms of 12 chromatic notes. What we really have are 12 regions. If this all sounds a bit complex, ultimately the ear needs to be the final judge. And there is a certain amount of subjectivity and acceptable variance to intonation. If you are a student, you may need the assistance from your teacher to tune each note to the drones.

Another facet of intonation is listening to how your cello reacts to your intonation. Your cello will communicate with you! When playing notes that are the same as open strings, listen for the sympathetic vibrations or ringing of the open string and the harmonics. Your cello will give you feedback if you just listen!

One last important componant of developing a centered intonation is to sing. In fact, as an exercise, i recommend practicing singing before your next note before you play it. You see, you need to hear in your mind (audiation) what your next note is before trying to play it. The mind is an amazing thing. I find I have a much better chance of hitting the note if I imagine it in my mind. And the best way to develop this skill is to sing. So practice singing the pieces you are working on!

Once you are getting the hang of diatonic intonation (staying within the traditional scales), you can branch out into quarters tones (notes between our half steps). For this I will pass you along to Russell Rolen who more experienced than I on playing quarter tones on the cello.

In my intonation exercises I have linked below, for each drone note I begin with the perfect intervals because they are often the easiest to tune. From there I move to the 3rds and 6ths followed by dissonant intervals concluding with the tritone.

A great and really fun way to improve the accuracy of your harmonic ear (as well as to expand it!) is to practice simple improvisation explorations with a drone. By perceiving the drone as a particular point of reference, you can systematically (or randomly, if you prefer) give yourself the experience of hearing how different pitches relate to it.

Practicing with a drone can also really open up your rhythmic imagination. The constancy of the drone sound acts as a kind of support for you to push against, yet provides no specific rhythmic stimulus. At first, this can seem kind of challenging, as perhaps no kind of rhythmic movement comes immediately to mind.

And if you like, you can also practice with a drone and a time source (either a drum loop or metronome) at the same time. This is not only immensely helpful in opening up possibilities, but also, is very meditative, engaging and calming.

I use two different smartphone/tablet apps. I have an iPad, and my favorite is RealTanpura, which simulates the four-stringed drone instrument used in Indian classical music. I like it because it has a beautiful sound, and I can change the pulsation of the drone, as well as choose various other modes (harmonic organizations), speed, pluck rate, etc.

The other app that I use from time to time is Scale-Master, which is a synthesized drone, but comes with various features that are useful, like being able to create specific intervallic drones, and a large range of frequencies.

Fantastic article I found this page by searching for a real nice drone sound after accidentally finding a drone helps my practice. Then I read your article and we have come to the same findings. A++ Also found this site for Cello drones

Hi Matt

I tried your tambura drones at a blowing session of superannuants. Using a Mac it is possible to play several drones simultaneously, changing one at a time to alter tonality. This doesnt seem to work with Windows. The drone changed everyones approach, making for a more disciplined set.

The great Australian saxophonist Tony Gorman works with an electronic Shruti Box in his clarinet improvisations.


I have an old (very old) tuner that can generate a drone, but the volume is so low that I have problems hearing it (and part of the reason why I never used it). I'd prefer to not use something computer-based as I'd rather not have to lug around the laptop and a set of speakers.

September 18, 2011 at 02:52 AM Is the drone used for initial tuning or is there some other use? I've got a Korg TM40 ($22 online) that produces drone sounds, but I rarely use that part of it. Only the tuner section before practice as well as the metronome. Thanks in advance.

September 18, 2011 at 06:56 AM I'm with Tony, and would also like to know what a 'drone' is and what it is used for, apart from tuning to. I use a little tuner to get my 'A', but it doesn't emit sounds, a small green light tells me when I'm there. 152ee80cbc

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