Flashcards

When? 1569

Key Facts: North of England still had many Catholics who did not support Elizabeth as they considered her parents marriage illegal. Duke of Norfolk (Elizabeth’s cousin), was refused permission to marry Mary Queen of Scots. He joined with Duke of Northumberland and Westmorland and led 4600 rebels in an illegal Catholic mass at Durham cathedral. The rebels were only stopped by Earl of Sussex who raised an army.

Short Term Impact: Showed weakness of Elizabeth (relied on Sussex).

Led to the creation of the Council of the North to keep Northern Catholics supervised and controlled.

Long Term Impact: Showed importance of Elizabeth’s spy network who found the coded coins and cipher. Elizabeth continued to invest in spies. 

When? Start of rule until 1566 when Elizabeth banned further discussion. (Increased pressure after smallpox scare in 1562).

Key Facts: Female ruler, under pressure to produce an heir. Suitors included Dudley (Protestant Noble, but may have murdered his first wife!), Philip II (Catholic, could be strong ally but was previously married to Elizabeth’s sister Mary) and Francis of Anjou (Catholic, could be strong ally, but protestants published pamphlet in opposition.)

Short Term Impact: Clashed with Parliament over the issue. Meant that nobles competed for her attention e.g. Dudley and Devereux.

Long Term Impact: No heir, so Tudor era ended after Elizabeth. 

When? Key Date 1601- East India Company

Key Facts: Attempts made to find a direct route to India and China to promote trade. Monopolies were established in the East to develop exclusive trade deals.

Short Term Impact: Monopoly’s established including. Muscovy Company, (Russia) Eastland Company (Scandinavia), Levant (Turkey) and East India Company (India). Britain gained new resources e.g. spices and porcelain. Gained wealth.

Long Term Impact: East India Company laid the foundations for  India becoming part of the British Empire. 

When? 1601

Key Facts: Once a favourite, Essex had insulted the Queen several times e.g. turning his back on her, signing a truce in Ireland without permission. As punishment Elizabeth removed his monopoly of sweet wine. In response he took 4 Privy Councillors hostage and rebelled with 200 followers in London. Cecil called the rebels traitors. Most abandoned and Devereux was captured.

Short Term Impact: Devereux killed. Showed strength of aging Queen. Robert Cecil gained influence.

Long Term Impact: Robert Cecil also had huge influence over Elizabeth’s heir James I. Showed danger of patronage as a method of control, Elizabeth did not use this from this point onward. 

Key Date: 1601 Poor Law

Key Facts: High levels of poverty from inherited problems (Henry VIII closed monasteries, caused unemployment). Under Elizabeth bad harvests and rising population led to high food prices. Landlords were guilty of rent racking (increasing cost of rents) to profit from housing shortages.  

Short Term Impact: Local initiatives e.g. Ipswich, York, Norwich which inspired the national system.(e.g Norwich- relief from taxes, York- Houses of Correction)

1601 National Poor Law helped the most vulnerable (relief given from taxes), gave work to able bodied and punished the idle (lazy ) in Houses of Correction

Long Term Impact: 1601 Act lasted until Poor Law Amendment Act 1834. 

When? 1583

Key Facts: Led by Throckmorton- plan to assassinate Elizabeth and replace with MQS. The plan consisted of a Spanish backed invasion led by a French Duke. At the same time there would be an uprising of English Catholics. Walsingham uncovered the plot and prevented it.

Short Term Impact: Throckmorton was executed and Mary Queen of Scots was placed under closer guard. Showed international threat (French and Spanish).

Long Term Impact: Led to a further crackdown on Catholics. Act passed in 1593 which said Catholics could not travel more than 5 miles from home.

Decision not to kill Mary, meant that there were more Catholic Plots (e.g. Babington). 

When? 1571

Key Facts: Ridolfi was an Italian Catholic banker who planned another Northern Rebellion combined with an invasion from the Netherlands. Plan was to kill Elizabeth and replace with MQS. Plot defeated by Elizabeth’s spy network. (Coded Coins and Cipher under Norfolk’s mat)

Short Term Impact: Increased religious tension with Catholics and Protestants and the international threat.

Norfolk executed, which was a deterrent to others.

Long Term Impact: Showed importance of Elizabeth’s spy network who found the coded coins and cipher. Elizabeth continued to invest in spies. 

When? 1583- Elizabeth replaced Grindal with Whitgift as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Key Facts: Puritans = extreme Protestants. Unhappy with the Religious Settlement, which they thought was too Catholic. Prophesying became popular (prayer meetings) and were encouraged by Archbishop Grindal, but these were a chance for Puritans to criticise Elizabeth. In 1583 Elizabeth replaced Grindal with Whitgift and he ended Prophesying and brought in fines to Puritans. He also punished them harshly e.g. Puritan Printer John Stubbs had his hand cut off.

Short Term Impact: Showed deterrents by use of harsh punishments including Stubbs having his hand cut off, recusancy fines. By ending Prophesying’s- Elizabeth removed opportunities for criticism and plotting.

Long Term Impact: Not any real threat in the long term as key individuals such as Dudley and Walsingham died which lost support for the cause. 

When? 1586

Key Facts: Attempt to murder Elizabeth and replace with MQS. Babington needed MQS’s support so sent coded letters in beer barrels to the place she was under house arrest. When Mary agreed Walsingham found the letters and the plot was stopped. Parliament wanted MQS dead.

Short Term Impact: After coded letters were discovered, Mary Queen of Scots went on trial and was finally executed  on 8th Feb 1587.

Long Term Impact: Led to a further crackdown on Catholics. Act passed in 1593 which said Catholics could not travel 5 miles from home.

Line of succession changed so James I inherited throne.

Caused Spanish Armada due to anger at execution of Catholic queen.  

When? Foiled Babington Plot 1586

Key Facts: Secretary for State, Puritan and one of the Queen’s closest advisers. Known as the “Spymaster” He was crucial in uncovering plots against Elizabeth.

Short Term Impact: Spy network improved security and acted as a deterrent

Long Term Impact: Help to foil several plots throughout Elizabeth’s reign e.g. Babington Plot 

When? From 1562 onwards given permission from Queen Elizabeth to start West African slave trade.

Key Facts: John Hawkins and his cousin Francis Drake kidnapped several hundred West Africans to be taken and sold on the South American coast as slaves.  Responsible for building up the Royal Navy and was a respected military leader.  

Short Term Impact: Built up the Royal Navy which helped English security. Played a key role in defeating the Spanish Armada.

Long Term Impact: Slave Trade established and reached its peak in 1700’s 

When? 6 August 1588

Key Facts: After English support for a Protestant Rebellion in the Spanish Netherlands and the execution of Catholic Queen MQS, Spanish sent roughly 150 ships 7000 sailors and 34,000 soldiers in an armada. It was led by Duke of Medina Sidonia (lacked naval experience.) When the Spanish collected supplies from Calais, Francis Drake used 8 fireships to break Spanish crescent formation. At Battle of Gravelines the Spanish ships and artillery were no match for the English. Finally a storm meant only 65 ships returned back to Spain.

Short Term Impact: Showed that England was still not safe- Elizabeth continued to build up the navy for the rest of her reign. It brought unity to England Most Catholics preferred Elizabeth to a foreign ruler.

Long Term Impact: Proved Elizabeth was a strong Queen and England was a naval power.  

When? 1567 MQS arrives in England. 1586 Babington Plot, 1587 MQS executed.

Key Facts:  Catholics did not see Elizabeth as a rightful queen because she was born after her father divorced, and Catholics did not recognise divorce as legal. Wanted MQS instead. MQS became unpopular in Scotland due to marrying the main suspect in her first husband’s murder she was forced to flee to England. Elizabeth imprisoned her for 19 years, until she was killed for her involvement in Babington Plot.

Short Term Impact: Could have angered France and Scotland and led to war. Could have made her a martyr to Catholics. But actually ended most Catholic plots now there was no obvious Catholic leader.

Long Term Impact: Execution of MQS changed the line of succession, so James I inherited throne.

Caused Spanish Armada due to anger at execution of Catholic queen. 

When? Circumnavigated globe 1577- 1580

Key Facts: Circumnavigated globe which was dangerous. 

Drake started with 5 ships and 164 men but ended with 1 ship and 58 men. Drake became a Privateer (state sponsored piracy), attacking enemy (mostly Spanish) ships and taking their cargo.

Short Term Impact Circumnavigation gained him wealth and knowledge of the world. Privateering (Piracy) of Spanish ships led to conflict with Spanish, but brought back £140,000 in riches.

Long Term Impact:

Drake and Hawkins together began English involvement in Slave Trade. Drake’s privateering prompted Spanish Armada.

When? 1559 Religious Settlement, (Compromise between 2 faiths- Catholics could worship in private).1570 Papal Bull (encouraged Catholics to try to overthrow Elizabeth). 1580 Campion killed.

Key Facts: Catholics did not see Elizabeth as a rightful queen because she was born after her father divorced, and Catholics did not recognise divorce as legal. Wanted MQS instead. Jesuit missionaries came to England to preach Catholicism- often these were financially backed by France and Spain. One example was Edmund Campion. Elizabeth concerned he was plotting a rebellion and he was hanged drawn and quartered.

Short Term Impact: Showed Religious Settlement had not appeased Catholics. Elizabeth killing Campion showed a strong deterrent to make Catholics fearful. But religious division continued and many other Catholic Plots.

Long Term Impact: Focus on spies to foil plots.

Led to a further crackdown on Catholics. 1581 Recusancy fines increased to £20. Act passed in 1593 which said Catholics could not travel more than 5 miles from home. 

When? Throughout Elizabethan Age

Key Facts: Increased exploration, Art, Technology (printing press, and improved ship navigation), Peace and Prosperity, Education and literacy levels, Literature (Works of Shakespeare).

Short Term Impact: Greater exploration brought increased wealth and resources. Accomplishments in literature and theatre improved English reputation. Science and Technology brought progress e.g in exploration. BUT Some believe that Golden Age was propaganda- many lived in poverty and cruel punishments were common.

Long Term Impact: Greater exploration led to the foundation of British Empire. Much art, architecture and literature still celebrated today. 

When? Up to 1601

Key Facts: Queen would ensure loyalty was patronage- giving titles, power or other rewards and monopolies. Being banished from court was disgraceful so people worked hard to stay in Elizabeth’s favour.

Short Term Impact: For many years it worked successfully for Elizabeth and she kept nobles vying for her attention. Many built manor houses to entice her to stay. But over time it created danger in the court- if Patronage was removed could lead to rebellions (e.g. Essex Rebellion).

Long Term Impact: In her old age, some began to think of patronage as corrupt.  Elizabeth stopped using it after Essex Rebellion 1601. 

When? 1584 Founded Roanoke, 1592 Banned from Court for 5 years.

Key Facts: 1584, Elizabeth gave Sir Walter Raleigh permission to colonise and rule any land not already ruled by a Christian.

In return he had to give the queen 1/5 of all gold and silver that he found there. Established the first English colony called Roanoke. Lost favour when he married Bess without permission.

Short Term Impact: Roanoke was a failure- colonists missing presumed killed by natives.

Long Term Impact: Roanoke laid foundation for the British Empire.

When? 1558- 1568

Key Facts: MQS was a rival to the throne- Catholics supported her and saw Elizabeth as an illegitimate Queen. If Elizabeth did not produce an heir Catholic Mary would inherit the throne. As a woman, she would be under pressure to marry and reproduce. Huge religious division as a result of the Reformation and Mary Tudor’s previous persecution of Protestants.

High levels of Poverty.

Short Term Impact: Conflict with Parliament over issue of marriage. Threat of Catholic rebellions and discontent over poverty. Elizabeth developed spy network for security. Elizabeth passes the Religious Settlement to appease Catholics (Middle way that allows Catholics to worship privately- but this does not really work.)

 Long Term Impact: Eventually executes MQS in 1587 and passes laws to crackdown on Catholics.

Eventually, 1601 National Poor Law passed to deal with problem of poverty. 

When? Globe opened 1599

Key Facts: Theatre before Elizabeth had usually been travelling acting troupes, largely rowdy and for ordinary people. During Elizabethan era, they became more respectable and permanent theatres like the Globe were built. They could host up to 3000 people and cost as little as 1p to watch. Opposition from Puritans. William Shakespeare produced new plays every year.

Short Term Impact: Birth of Mass Entertainment. Distracted poor from their hardships and this helped prevent rebellion.

Long Term Impact: After a link was made between the Essex Rebellion and the theatre (they had watched a performance of Richard II night before), Elizabeth cracked down on censorship of plays, used as a method of control and propaganda.