高雄醫學院胸腔內科 蔡毓真 主治醫師 (108年12月)
感冒讓你CRY,流感讓你DIE
疾病管制署自2018年11月起推出由台灣繪師創作的疾病擬人企劃《DISEASE》,將傳染病化為時尚雜誌封面人物,在國內外都造成了轟動。打頭陣的正是「新型A 型流感」和「流感」,而「流感」的標語就寫了「流感鄭重聲明:流感是流感,感冒是感冒;感冒讓你CRY,我會讓你DIE。」
一般感冒由許多種不同的病毒引起,大多以上呼吸道症狀如咳嗽、打噴嚏、流鼻水、喉嚨痛等作表現,約持續一週,即可靠自身免疫力緩解。流行性感冒則由流感病毒導致,可分為引發季節性流行的A型及B型,及不會引起人類疾病的C型。倘若並非季節性流感A(H1N1)或A(H3N2),而是原先主要感染禽畜類的A型流感病毒,一旦感染人類,即統稱為「新型A 型流感」。
流感常表現為突發性全身症狀,如持續高燒、全身肌肉關節酸痛、倦怠等,持續約一至兩週。流感之重要性在於其爆發流行快速、散播範圍廣泛以及併發症嚴重,可能快速進展為嚴重肺炎,併發急性呼吸窘迫症候群、敗血性休克、心肌炎及多重器官衰竭而死亡。臺灣雖然全年均有病例發生,但仍以秋冬較易發生流行,高峰期多自12月開始延續至隔年2月。
流感的診斷及治療
使用流行性感冒快速篩檢雖然快速方便,但仍可能造成偽陰性。臨床上仍須依病史、症狀及實驗室檢驗,作綜合判定診斷流感。目前用於治療流感之抗病毒藥劑包括乾粉吸入劑型的Zanamivir、口服型的Oseltamivir及針劑型Peramivir等。於症狀開始後48小時內投藥可達最佳療效,而對於症狀嚴重或有併發症等高危險群,即使超過48小時給藥仍具有效益。
如何預防流感?
流感的傳染途徑主要為直接暴露到帶病毒的飛沫,或接觸到飛沫附著的物體再接觸口鼻黏膜而感染。預防流感最好的方法就是施打流感疫苗,並合併正確洗手及妥善防護。
接受施打流感疫苗的健康成年人可達七成以上的保護,而65歲以上等高危險群尤應接受疫苗接種,以防感染流感引起之併發症。公費流感疫苗自108年起已全面使用包含兩種A型及兩種B型病毒株的四價流感疫苗。此外,勤洗手並避免任意碰觸眼鼻口黏膜皆能達到防護效果。咳嗽、打噴嚏需遮掩口鼻。流行期間應避免接觸禽鳥、禽肉及蛋類應徹底煮熟、禽畜業工作者應穿戴個人防護裝備並做好清消工作。有禽鳥接觸史、流行地區旅遊史的民眾,若出現發燒、喉嚨痛、咳嗽、結膜炎等症狀,請戴口罩儘速就醫,並主動告知接觸史、工作內容及旅遊史等。
(Source: Health News KMUH 2019.12)
高雄醫學院過敏免疫風濕內科 宋婉瑜 主治醫師 (108年12月)
硬皮症(scleroderma)或稱全身硬化症(systemic sclerosis),是一種自體免疫疾病;主要的特色,顧名思義,是皮膚的纖維化,造成肌膚僵硬、無彈性的觸感。這些硬化的皮膚區域,最常見在手指和腳趾區域、臉部的皮膚,但可能延伸至前臂、甚至是全身的皮膚。當硬皮症表現在臉上,會有種共同的「面相」:這類的患者看來面部皮膚緊實、光滑(毛孔變小或消失)、無皺紋,但嘴匝垂直的皺紋明顯、嘴唇變薄、張口幅度變小。細看臉部,會看到毛細血管過度擴張的表現。
雷諾氏現象(Raynaud’s phenomenon)是全身性硬化症患者很常見的第一個症狀,幾乎90%的患者都可見。這個現象主要是手指/腳趾血管不正常的過度痙攣收縮,造成指/趾頭缺血的表現,在遇冷或情緒影響,手指會區域性的變得蒼白(缺血)再轉紫(缺氧)。這個現象若及時獲得紓解,讓指/趾頭末端重新得到血液供應,不會有大礙。但若手指/腳趾缺血和缺氧的時間太久,可能會有壞死的風險。在冬季的低溫下,壞死風險因此昇高。在血管病變導致的慢性缺血和缺氧狀況下,長期組織無法獲得適當的血液、氧氣、養分,皮膚會自發性地發生潰瘍和傷口,久久無法癒合,是目前在醫療上仍然很難處理、治療方法有限的一種併發症。
全身性硬化症儘管最顯而易見的是體表皮膚的硬化,但最棘手的是,這些纖維化的過程也會發生在柔軟的內臟器官,例如心臟、肺臟、腸胃道、腎臟等等。這些內臟器官的侵犯不僅影響身體運作的功能,更與生命安全的威脅習習相關。例如,當腸胃道發生「硬化」時,腸胃無法適當地蠕動、營養無法吸收,會嚴重地影響生活品質和健康。心臟的侵犯則可能造成心律不整、心臟衰竭、心肌發炎,預後十分不良,兩年內的死亡率可達六成、五年內達七成五。
根據流行病學研究,全身性硬化症好發於「熟女」(35-50歲,女性比男性約多出3-7倍)。導致疾病的機轉複雜,無法直指其一,和基因、環境、過去的感染、性別都有關係。
同樣罹患全身性硬化症的患者群,異質性很高,顯示這個疾病除了目前依體表皮膚侵犯的少數幾種分型外,可能還有許多不同的疾病型態表現。也因此,在治療上並沒有唯一的準則,需要依據每位病患的疾病侵犯器官、生命威脅的程度,量身訂製適當的治療內容。治療的原則在於即早確認疾病和影響範圍,即早開始治療,減緩疾病的進程和器官永久性的傷害和功能缺損。治療方式以藥物治療為主,免疫調節劑為主軸,再輔以不同器官侵犯需要的不同藥物,以及減緩症狀的用藥。
(Source: Health News KMUH 2019.12)
高雄醫學院皮膚部 陳盈君 主治醫師 (108年12月)
近日炎熱的氣溫已經悄悄地慢慢地下滑,逐漸邁入秋冬的氣候,雖然令人可喜的是,夏天惱人的汗疹、體癬及毛囊炎減少了出場的機會,但是皮膚比較容易乾燥脫屑的族群又會開始擔心「冬季癢」上身。而那些人是冬季癢的好發族群呢?
一般來說,隨著皮膚老化,皮膚角質層會變薄,保水度下降,尤其是在小腿部分,老年人都會覺得比較容易乾癢脫屑。如果冬天又喜歡洗熱水澡,過燙過久的接觸熱水會破壞皮膚保護性的油脂層導致更乾。雖然洗熱水時可以暫時抑制癢感,但是洗完熱水會更糟糕。所以老年人在冬天洗澡時,主要以不要感冒為前提的溫熱水溫即可,而且如果雙腳沒有接觸太多髒污,大部分可以用清水沖洗而不需要肥皂。擦保濕劑的時機,最好的就是在剛洗完後皮膚有點微乾但還有點濕度時,「馬上」「薄薄」的擦上乳液或凡士林,這樣既不會太黏膩,效果又好。
而本身就有異位性皮膚炎的民眾,除了本身免疫系統比較容易接收到外界環境的刺激造成過敏反應以外,他們天生皮膚角質保水功能就比同齡人來得差,所以就算是幼兒或是年輕人,只要有異位性皮膚的體質,通常四肢的皮膚摸起來都是粗粗乾乾的,沒有年輕人該有的水嫩彈性。這主要是基因帶有絲聚蛋白(filaggrin) 的突變,導致角質層功能缺損,這種體質在冬天濕度較低的環境中,皮膚缺水的狀況會更加明顯。
另外,有些糖尿病及腎臟功能不佳(尤其是洗腎)的患者,因本身疾病的關係,也會導致皮膚乾燥,也是冬季癢好發的族群。有時雖然血糖或腎功能控制的不錯,但是因為這類病人的皮膚乾燥不是一兩天而是數年累積下來的結果,所以不是血糖控制好個半年,皮膚乾燥的狀況就可以逆轉,還是鼓勵這類的病友,除了耐心控制原本的疾病以外,應當還是配合皮膚外用的保濕劑作一個長期的保養,才有機會慢慢改善冬季癢的問題。甚至有些洗腎的病友,若在用了很多乳液,皮膚已經沒有那麼乾燥後,癢感卻還是難以忍受的話,還是要尋求皮膚科醫師的診療。因為此類病人,除了冬季癢以外,還是有可能合併代謝性癢疹。除了乳液的保養,尚需要光照療法及其他口服或外用藥物的配合。
最後,因台灣罹患癌症的人數越來越多,而在健保的幫忙下,有很多癌友使用口服標靶療法的藥物。這些標靶療法的藥物對於癌細胞效果比傳統化療更有效,嚴重的副作用更少,但是對於皮膚及指甲會有一些惱人的小毛病。譬如急性期,有些人會有嚴重臉部頭皮的丘疹膿皰疹,容易有甲溝炎或甲邊化膿性肉芽腫。而慢性長期使用下來,全身的皮膚也是比較明顯的變乾燥,一樣也是變成冬季癢的好發族群。但是除非這些皮膚的副作用嚴重到經過治療還是難以忍受,不然在治療癌症的利弊權衡下,大部分的癌友都還是會繼續標靶藥物的治療,而皮膚的問題就跟皮膚科醫師共同攜手,讓病友在抗癌治療的同時也能保有良好的生活品質。
(Source: Health News 2019.12)
Cancer can cause almost any type of sign or symptom.
A sign is something that others can see, such as a fever, vomiting, or fast breathing. Symptoms are perceived only by the person who has the condition. For example, weakness, tiredness, and pain are symptoms. (1)
You may experience both signs and symptoms of cancer, which can signal that something is wrong in your body. Recognizing these indicators can lead to an earlier diagnosis and possibly a better outlook.
When cancer grows, it can push on nearby organs, nerves, and blood vessels, which can cause signs and symptoms. Even the smallest tumors can cause symptoms in certain organs, such as the brain.
If your cancer spreads, or metastasizes, you may notice signs or symptoms in different parts of your body.
Another reason you may experience symptoms is that cancer cells use up a lot of your body’s energy supply. They also cause changes in how your immune system works. (1)
Although every case is different, some general signs and symptoms of cancer include:
Weight loss Unexplained weight loss of 10 pounds or more may be one of the first signs of cancer. Weight loss is common in people who have pancreatic, stomach, esophageal, or lung cancer, but can occur with any type of cancer. (1,2)
Fever Fevers frequently crop up when a cancer has metastasized. Night sweats often accompany the fevers. Nearly all people with cancer will experience a fever at some point. (1,2)
Fatigue Feeling extremely tired can be a symptom of cancer in your body. (1,2)
A lump A lump or thickening of skin can be an early or late sign of cancer. People with cancers in the breast, lymph nodes, soft tissues, and testicles typically have lumps. (1,2)
Skin changes Yellowing, darkening, or redness of the skin can signal cancer. Also, sores that don’t heal should be checked out. Additionally, moles, freckles, or warts that change in color, shape, or size could be a sign of skin cancer. (1,2)
Pain Most of the time, pain happens because the cancer has already spread in your body. But pain may be an early symptom of bone cancer or testicular cancer. Back pain is common in people with colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, or ovarian cancer. Those with brain tumors often complain of a headache that doesn’t go away. (1,2)
Bowel or bladder function changes Constipation, diarrhea, and other bowel issues may be a sign of colorectal cancer. People with bladder cancer and prostate cancer may report pain during urination, blood in the urine, or other bladder-function changes. (1,2)
Cough or hoarseness A cough that doesn’t go away or a hoarse voice may be a sign of lung cancer, cancer of the larynx, or thyroid cancer. (1,2)
Indigestion Indigestion or problems swallowing can be a sign of stomach, esophageal, or throat cancer. (1,2)
Bleeding Unusual bleeding is associated with many different cancers. Coughing up blood may signal lung cancer. Bloody stools could be a sign of colon or rectal cancer. Women with cervical or endometrial cancer may experience abnormal vaginal bleeding. Blood in the urine could mean you have bladder or kidney cancer. Bloody discharge from a woman’s nipple might indicate breast cancer. (1,2)
Changes in your mouth White patches inside your mouth or on your tongue could be precancers that can turn into oral cancer. Sores, bleeding, or numbness in the mouth may also be a sign of certain cancers. (1,2)
Swollen lymph nodes Sometimes, enlarged lymph nodes can signal cancer. You should have your doctor check it out if your gland remains swollen for three to four weeks. (1,2)
Being out of breath Constantly feeling out of breath may be a sign of certain cancers. (1,2)
Bloating A constant uncomfortable feeling of fullness that lasts daily for weeks could be a sign of ovarian cancer. (3)
Anemia Several cancers, including leukemia and lymphoma, can cause anemia (low red blood cell counts). These abnormal levels show up on blood tests. Having anemia can make you feel tired and weak. (4)
Most of the time, these symptoms aren’t caused by cancer. A benign tumor or another problem may be the culprit. But you shouldn’t ignore symptoms that are persistent, severe, or don’t go away.
Symptoms may be different or more intense if your cancer has metastasized to other parts of your body.
Here are some common symptoms of cancer that has spread:
Bone metastasis Cancer that has spread to the bones may cause joint pain or fractures.
Liver metastasis If your disease has invaded your liver, you might experience jaundice and swelling in your abdomen.
Brain metastasis When cancer metastasizes to the brain, symptoms may include headaches, speech difficulties, blurred vision, or dizziness.
Lung metastasis Cancer that has spread to the lungs may trigger shortness of breath or a persistent cough. (5)
While weight loss is a more common symptom of cancer, some people do experience weight gain.
Studies show more than half of women with breast cancer gain weight during treatment, and those extra pounds are linked to poorer outcomes. (6)
The excess weight may be a side effect of medicines like steroids or hormones. Also, certain chemo drugs might cause you to retain extra fluids, which is known as edema. This can increase your body weight.
Or, you might simply eat more because you’re anxious or trying to improve nausea symptoms. A common side effect of steroids — given to prevent the nausea and allergic reactions that come with many chemotherapies — is increased appetite. Additionally, many people with cancer notice that their energy levels drop, which can lead to inactivity and weight gain. (7)
Some cancer medications, such as anti-VEGF drugs, can cause an increase in blood pressure. These treatments help block blood flow supply to tumors, but they also can affect other blood vessels in the body, which can elevate blood pressure. (8)
Also, high blood pressure may be a sign of certain cancers, such as adrenal cancer. (9)
Other treatments, such as chemotherapy and certain targeted drugs, may cause low blood pressure. (10)
People with cancer have a greater risk of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT; a blood clot that forms in a deep vein). Many cancers secrete substances into the blood that make the blood "thicker" and more likely to form a clot. Many chemo drugs may also up your risk for DVT. (11)
Most cases of back pain aren’t caused by cancer, but back pain can be an indicator.
Back pain is a symptom of many types of cancers, including primary bone cancer and those that have metastasized from the breast, colon, testicles, or lungs.
Usually, tumors put pressure on the spine and affect the nerves around it, which causes the pain. (12)
Identifying symptoms can help you and your doctor detect your cancer earlier. This is important because the sooner cancer is found, the better your prognosis. (13)
For example, melanoma can be effectively treated if it’s spotted early. The five-year survival rate is around 98 percent if the cancer hasn’t grown deep into the skin. (14)
While symptoms are most likely caused by something other than cancer, you shouldn’t dismiss them. This is especially true if the problem has lasted a long time or has gotten worse.
Sometimes, people with cancer don’t experience any signs or symptoms at all. Others only have issues when the cancer has spread throughout their body.
For instance, ovarian cancer usually doesn’t cause any noticeable problems until it spreads to other organs. By the time this cancer causes signs or symptoms, it’s usually very advanced and difficult to cure.
It’s possible to spot cancers before you have any symptoms. Checkups and screening tests may be able to detect certain cancers in your body before they start affecting you.
Ask your doctor if you should have any special tests. If you have a family history of a certain cancer or have been exposed to specific risk factors, your physician may perform more aggressive testing.
It’s always a good idea to see your doctor if you have symptoms that concern you.
Your symptoms are most likely caused by something else, but it’s important to get checked out just in case. At the very least, your physician can help you figure out what’s causing the issues.
You’ll probably be referred to a specialist if your doctor thinks your symptoms are caused by cancer.
If you’re worried about developing cancer or have a family history of the disease but don’t have symptoms, it can still be helpful to talk to your doctor about your risk. Ask your healthcare provider about any screening tests or procedures that might be appropriate. (2)
(Source: By Julie Marks Medically Reviewed by Thomas Marron, MD, PhD. Last Updated: 10/30/2019 . Published by Everyday Health on 12/26/2019)
高雄醫學院家庭牙醫科 蔡佳芸 主治醫師(99年4月)
臨床上,常會遇到患者抱怨口臭的問題。一般而言口臭雖不算是嚴重的問題,卻可能造成尷尬的窘境,因而影響人際之間的溝通。同時口臭的問題,是每個人都可能會遭遇到的。
一般來說,早上起床時產生的口臭,通常是因為睡覺時唾液量減少,口腔自淨功能低下或是睡前刷牙習慣不同所造成。這類的口臭,通常可以經由進食、口腔清潔及漱口就可以消除。
在其他時間所產生的口臭,則可能是生活形態所造成的結果。吃辛辣的食物、抽菸、喝酒都有可能會造成口臭的問題發生,這是因為這些物質的攝取會產生揮發性硫複合物,進而產生口腔異味。另外,抽菸則可能會引起口乾或是牙周病問題,此兩者也是造成口臭的常見原因。
口腔中會造成口臭的原因有很多種,比方說與牙菌斑有關的牙齦或牙周疾病 (包括牙齦炎、牙周病、牙冠周圍炎、膿腫);口腔潰瘍 (可能是由系統性疾病、惡性疾病、局部因子、用藥造成);口乾 (藥物、Sjögren's syndrome、放射線治療、化學治療都可能會造成口乾的情形);舌苔或裝戴假牙裝置,若口腔衛生狀況不好,也會造成口臭;牙齒若有食物殘渣堆積也是可能的原因之一;另外若有骨頭方面的疾病,比方說乾性齒槽炎、骨髓炎、骨頭壞死、惡性疾病也可能會引起惡臭。但是,若是在口腔中找不到造成口臭的可能原因時,我們就要懷疑是否有其他身體上的疾病。
其他身體方面有可能會造成口臭的疾病包括呼吸系統疾病 (鼻竇炎、顎裂、鼻腔中有異物、扁桃腺炎、肺部感染、支氣管炎、呼吸系統的一些惡性疾病);胃腸道疾病 (食道憩室、胃食道逆流、其他一些惡性疾病);新陳代謝疾病 (糖尿病、腎衰竭、臭魚症、高甲硫氨酸血症、胱胺酸症);某些藥物 (包括amphetamines、chloral hydrate、cytotoxic agents、dimethyl sulphoxide、disulfiram、nitrates and nitrites、phenothiazines);也有可能是因為精神方面造成。
治療口臭的方法則是要根據造成的原因來加以處理。若口臭是來自口腔,首先要避免抽菸或是服用一些會造成口臭的藥物或食物。嚼食口香糖、薄荷或一些可以讓口氣清新的產品則可以暫時的掩蓋住不良的氣味。至於大部分的病人,我們通常可以藉由治療口腔∕牙齒疾病、增進口腔衛生及減少舌苔的堆積來減少會造成口臭的食物殘渣及口腔中之微生物。適當且定期的口腔衛生程序也是非常必要的,包括了定時的牙齒清潔(刷牙及使用牙線)、使用抗菌牙膏或漱口水。使用漱口水的話,則建議一天2~3次 (飯後潔牙後),每次最少30秒。漱口水中若包含有氯已定、精油和酰氯時,通常會有2~3小時維持口氣的效果;另外也有研究指出低濃度的鋅加上氯已定似乎是移除揮發性硫複合物最有效的方法,而揮發性硫複合物則是造成口氣不好的主因。另外根據研究指出牙膏中含有三氯沙則可以有效的控制口氣長達12小時。經過上述處理若仍有口臭發生,則要考慮舌苔是造成口臭的原因,要進行舌頭的清潔。
若口臭是來自於身體其他的疾病,則需要接受其他的醫療治療,以獲得控制口臭良好的成效。
(Source: Health News KMUH)
高雄醫學院家庭醫學科 陳建州主治醫師
「妳有沒有骨質疏鬆?」和「妳有幾歲的骨頭?」大概已成為中老年婦女常見的談天話題之一。 而在門診中要求做「骨質密度檢查」的患者也愈來愈多。顯然骨質疏鬆這個問題,已引起更年期婦 女的廣泛重視。對於這群因卵巢功能退化﹝導致停經﹞而加速骨質流失的婦女,最適當的藥物治療 應該是補充荷爾蒙。但是多收人一聽到荷爾蒙,就擔心會導致癌症的發生。本文就是要和大家談談 「荷爾蒙補充療法」及其與癌症的關係。 「荷爾蒙補充療法」中所說「荷爾蒙」,是指女性荷爾蒙,更精確的說是「雌激素」﹝Estrogen﹞。 雌激素是女性性徵發育與維持所必須的,作用在子宮、輪卵管、陰道、乳房等器官。雖然腎上腺皮 質、胎盤、黃體等組織也都可分泌雌激素,但卵巢才是最主要的製造場所。若是因為自然老化導致 卵巢功能喪失,或因疾病須將卵巢以手術切除,都會使女性體內雌激素濃度大幅下降。這時所產生 的一些生理及心理症狀,就稱為「更年期症候群」。最典型可見的就是陣發性熱潮紅和流汗,大約 有百分之七十女性在停經前後會出現這些症狀。另外還有包括萎縮性陰道炎、尿道炎及一些心理與 行為的變化等。至於症狀不明顯的骨質疏鬆症、動脈硬化及心臟血管疾病,則是停經後的「隱形殺 手」。 補充雌激素主要有三大好處: (一)改善更年期的症狀 (二)減緩骨質疏鬆症的進展 (三)減少動脈硬化及心臟血管疾病的機會。甚至有些研究還提出會降低阿茲海默氏症﹝一種老年性 癡呆﹞的發生機會。 因為雌激素會作用在子宮內膜及孔房組織,造成細胞的變化,因此有可能促成或惡化子宮內膜癌 及孔癌。子宮內膜癌原本發生的機率就很低,單獨使用雌激素雖然會增加子宮內膜增生機會,但合 併使用黃體素則可減少子宮內膜癌發生機率。至於有些已切除子宮的婦女,則可單獨使用雌激素, 不必擔心子宮內膜癌了!至於雌激素與乳癌的關係,雖然目前未有定論,但多數研究報告仍支持「 雌激素對乳癌沒有影響」的看法。 我們需了解,癌症發生的原因是多重的,即使不服用雌激素,仍有少數婦女難逃子宮內膜癌或乳 癌的魔手。請問有幾位女性讀者,真正對自己的健康負責,確實每個月作乳房自我檢查及每年作子 宮項抹片檢查?﹝註﹞而接受荷爾蒙補充療法的婦女朋友,因醫師的提醒與追蹤,會較積極地去注 意自己身體變化及定期作癌症篩檢。就算真的發生癌症了,反而可以較早發現、提早治療,而有較 好的預後。 相較於癌症較低的發生率,更年期症候群及骨質疏鬆症則困擾了大多數停經的婦女。荷爾蒙補充 療法對於這些問題治療都已獲得肯定的評價,而使停經後婦女有較好的生活品質。因此,對於荷爾 蒙補充療法,我們不應只著眼於癌症的發生與否,而應針對每個人不同的條件,做全面性的考量。 註:子宮頸抹片檢查主要是為了早期發現子宮項癌,與子宮內膜癌無直接相關。
(Source: Health News KMUH)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=enBqhUG_oGk