If you have a burning desire to know the origins of caustic, you're already well on your way to figuring it out. Caustic was formed in Middle English as an adjective describing chemical substances, such as lime and lye, that are capable of destroying or eating away at something. The word is based on the Latin adjective causticus, which itself comes ultimately from the Greek verb kaiein, meaning "to burn." In time, caustic was baked into the English language as an adjective describing people or things (such as wit or remarks) that are bitingly sarcastic. Other kaiein descendants in English include cautery and cauterize, causalgia (a burning pain caused by nerve damage), and encaustic (a kind of paint that is heated after it's applied).

At room temperature, anhydrous sodium hydroxide is a white crystalline, odorless solid that absorbs moisture from the air. It is produced as flakes, pellets, sticks, and cakes. When dissolved in water or neutralized with acid, it liberates substantial heat, which may be sufficient to ignite combustible materials. Sodium hydroxide is caustic and is one of several alkaline compounds referred to as "lye." It is generally used commercially as either the solid or as a 50% aqueous solution and should be stored in a cool, dry, well ventilated location separate from organic and oxidizing materials, acids, and metal powders.


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Extreme throat swelling may require endotracheal intubation or cricothyroidotomy. Gastric lavage is useful in certain circumstances to remove caustic material and prepare for endoscopic examination. Consider gastric lavage with a small nasogastric tube if: (1) a large dose has been ingested; (2) the patient's condition is evaluated within 30 minutes; (3) the patient has oral lesions or persistent esophageal discomfort; and (4) the lavage can be administered within one hour of ingestion. Placement of the gastric tube should be guided by endoscopy because blind gastric-tube placement may further injure the chemically damaged esophagus or stomach.

Endoscopic evaluation is essential in cases of sodium hydroxide ingestion, and surgical consultation is recommended for patients who have suspected perforation. Signs and symptoms do not provide an accurate guide to the extent of injury. All patients suspected of significant caustic ingestion must have early endoscopy to assess injury to the esophagus, stomach and duodenum, and to guide subsequent management. Severe esophageal burns have occurred even in cases where burns of the mouth or oropharynx were not seen. The ingestion of large amounts of sodium hydroxide may also result in shock. Endoscopy may be contraindicated in cases where the patient is unstable, has upper airway compromise, evidence of perforation, or ingestion took place more than 48 hours previously.

Methods:  We describe a CT classification of esophageal caustic injuries: Grade I show normal esophagus; Grade IIa display internal enhancement of the esophageal mucosa and enhancement of the outer wall conferring a "target" aspect; Grade IIb present as a fine rim of external esophageal wall enhancement. In 152 patients (56 males, median age 45) who underwent esophageal preservation after caustic ingestion we compared the accuracy of the CT and endoscopic (Zargar) classifications in predicting esophageal stricture.

Conclusion:  Emergency CT outperforms endoscopy in predicting esophageal stricture formation after caustic ingestion. Emergency endoscopy evaluation after caustic ingestion is not indispensable.

For regulations relating to invoices, entry, and assessment of duties, see 19 CFR parts 141, 142, 143, 151, 152. For regulations regarding the examination, classification, and disposition of foods, drugs, devices, cosmetics, insecticides, fungicides, and caustic or corrosive substances, see 19 CFR part 12. For regulations relating to consular invoices, and documentation of merchandise, see 22 CFR parts 91 and 92.

In lieu of a particular guaranty for each lot of dangerous caustic or corrosive substances, a general continuing guaranty may be furnished by the guarantor to actual or prospective purchasers. The following are forms of continuing guaranties:

The undersigned guarantees that the retail parcels, packages, or containers of the dangerous caustic or corrosive substance or substances to be sold to _____ are not misbranded within the meaning of the Federal Caustic Poison Act.

The dangerous caustic or corrosive substance or substances in retail parcels, packages, or containers suitable for household use to be sold to _____ are for other than household use, and guaranteed not to be misbranded within the meaning of the Federal Caustic Poison Act.

If a guaranty in respect to any specific lot of dangerous caustic or corrosive substances be given, it shall be incorporated in or attached to the bill of sale, invoice, or other schedule bearing the date and the name and quantity of the substance sold, and shall not appear on the label or package. The following are forms of specific guaranties:

The undersigned guarantees that the retail parcels, packages, or containers of the dangerous caustic or corrosive substance or substances listed herein (or specifying the substances) are not misbranded within the meaning of the Federal Caustic Poison Act.

The dangerous caustic or corrosive substance or substances listed herein (or specifying the substances) in retail parcels, packages, or containers suitable for household use are for other than household use and are guaranteed not to be misbranded within the meaning of the Federal Caustic Poison Act.

Authorized agents in the employ of the Department of Health and Human Services may make investigations, including the inspection of premises where dangerous caustic and corrosive substances subject to the act are manufactured, packed, stored, or held for sale or distribution, and make examinations of freight and other transportation records.

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Field and frequency maps for =0.12, looking at the three reduced caustic wave numbers. Note the distinct grayscales for each graph. (a) Lowest kc in the presence of several caustic points, and single value for kc otherwise. (b) Intermediate value for kc if several caustic points exist. (c) Largest reduced caustic wave number.

Measurement data obtained for =0.087, h=0.028, and =0.292. (a) Kerr image acquired from TR-MOKE. Two spin wave beams highlighted in yellow and red propagate from the tip of the antenna. (b) Squared modulus of the Fourier transform (FT) of the Kerr image and expected slowness curve (blue). The yellow and red points and arrows indicate the expected caustic points and their respective group velocity directions. Caustic points I and II correspond to beams I and II in the Kerr image.

(a) Kerr image with twin beams obtained with =0.087,h=0.028, and =0.372. (b) Calculated derivative of the group velocity direction with respect to the reduced wave number. Dashed green lines highlight close-to-straight slowness curve. (c) FT of Kerr image. The experimentally observed beam parameters are depicted in yellow, the calculated slowness curve in blue, and the calculated caustic points in red. Dashed green semicircle illustrates lower limit of close-to-straight portion of slowness curve.

Vlad is truly a magician. I binged all of his videos this past weekend hoping to find a solution. This was the closest but I specifically need it to look like water caustics. I thought Photoshop was an option but it needs to be done over a 360 render so that complicates things a little. The pano editing capability in Photoshop is super limited, especially with layers and blending modes.

Depending on the conditions specific to the processing plant and cleaning requirements, using a blended caustic product, or the inclusion of an additive to caustic, could improve the overall cleaning result and increase the efficiency of CIP processes. Moreover, reducing the concentration of caustic in the cleaning chemistry formulation will reduce the neutralisation requirement of the effluent system.

processing.... Drugs & Diseases > Emergency Medicine Caustic Ingestions Differential Diagnoses Updated: Oct 21, 2022   Author: Derrick Lung, MD, MPH, FACEP, FACMT; Chief Editor: David Vearrier, MD, MPH more...    Share Print Feedback  Close  Facebook Twitter LinkedIn WhatsApp Email  webmd.ads2.defineAd({id: 'ads-pos-421-sfp',pos: 421}); Sections Caustic Ingestions  Sections Caustic Ingestions  Overview  Practice Essentials Pathophysiology Etiology Epidemiology Prognosis Patient Education Show All  Presentation  History Physical Examination Complications Show All  DDx Workup  Laboratory Studies Imaging Studies Procedures Staging Show All  Treatment  Approach Considerations Prehospital Care Emergency Department Care Consultations Medical Care Surgical Care Prevention Long-Term Monitoring Show All  Guidelines Medication  Medication Summary Antibiotic, Cephalosporin (Third Generation) Antibiotic, Penicillin and Beta-lactamase Inhibitor Proton Pump Inhibitor Analgesic, Narcotic Show All  Questions & Answers Media Gallery Tables References  DDx Diagnostic Considerations Airway obstruction may occur secondary to edema, bleeding, and the presence of necrotic material. Because this can develop rapidly, airway protection is paramount following caustic ingestions. Delays in securing a definitive airway can result in increased difficulty due to progressive airway edema. e24fc04721

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