Journal Publications:

74. Ishtiaque, M.M.; West, P.J.; Harkaway, A.; Ramamurthy, J.; Ojha, M.; Carter, R.; Pint, C.L.; Kingston, T.A.; “Thermal Gradients Increase Concentration Polarization Resistance and Reduce Lithium Diffusion in NMC/Graphite Batteries,” Energy Storage Mater, 2026, 90, 105316.

73. Fan, A.; West, P.J.; Morris, L.V.; Fraggedakis, D.; Carter, R.; Hatzell, K.; “Lithium-ion Partial Molar Entropies in Liquid, Composite, and Solid-State Electrolytes,” J Phys Chem Letters, 2026, 17 (26), 7454–7464.

72. Singla, A.; Chatterjee, D.; Vishnugopi, B.; Carter, R.; Love, C.T.; Mukherjee, P.P.; “Role of Thermal Gradient in interface stability of sodium metal electrodes,” J Mater Chem A, 2026, Accepted.

71. Morris, L.V.; Hart, J.L.; Warecki, Z.; Love, C.; Carter, R.; Waller, G.; “Stabilization of Zero-Excess Sodium Metal Anodes Using LiPF6,” J Electrochem, 2026, 173, 11, 110513.

70. Pyles, C.G.; Morris, L.V., Swift, M.W.; Jayakody, N.K.; Lefler, M.J.; Klug, C.A.; Dunkleberger, A.D.; Love, C.T.; Owrutsky, J.C.; Carter, R.; “Sodium versus Lithium: How Solvation Improves Battery Behavior, ACS Appl. Mater. & Interfaces, 2026, Accepted.

69. Sarkar, S.; Vishnugopi, B.; Singla, A.; Ranganathan, P.; Wang, X.; Watt, J.; Carter, R.; Love, C.T.; Miltin, D.; Mukherjee, P.P.; "Mechanistic Insight into Solid Electrolyte Interphase Interactions for Sodium Metal Electrodes," ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2026, 9, 3, 1715–1725. 

Prior to KU:

68. Waller, G.H.; Jacob, C.; Green, A.; Carter, R.; Love, C.T.; “Form Factor and Chemistry Agnostic Battery Deactivation Using Electrically Conductive Gel for Safe Transportation,” Batteries, 2025, 11, 201.

67. Carter, R.; Waller, G.H.; Jacob, C.; Hayman, D.; West, P.J.; Love, C.T.; “First Look at Safety and Performance Evaluation

of Commercial Na-ion Batteries,: Energies, 2025, 18, 661. Invited.

66. Nuwayhid, R.B.; Yeom, J.; Ford, H.O.; Neale, Z.G.; Swift, M.W.; Bernstein, N.; Carter, R.; Long, J.W.; “Mitigating Polysulfide Crossover in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Polymer-Coated Separators,” RSC Appl. Interfaces, 2025, 2, 472-483.

65. West, P.; Leport, N.; Hayman, D.; Carter, R.; Love, C.T.; Pilon, L.; Waller, G.H.; “Thermo-electrochemical characterization of a commercial LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.0502/Graphite+Si 18650 cell,” J Power Sources, 2025, 629, 236044.

64. Kabra, V;^ Carter, R.;^ Li, Mengya; Fear, C.; Atkinson, R.; Love, C.; Mukherjee, P.P. “Lithium Plating Characteristics in

High Areal Capacity Li-ion Battery Electrodes,” ACS Applied. Mater & Interfaces, 2024, 16 (27), 34830-34839.

63. Zhou, H.; Fear, C.; Carter, R..; Love, C.T.; Mukherjee, P.P.; Correlating Lithium Plating Quantification with Thermal

Safety Characterizations of Li-ion Batteries, Energy Storage Materials, 2024, 6, 103214.

 62. Deblock, R.H.; Lefler, M..J.; Neale, Z.G.; Love, C.T.; Long, J.W.; Carter, R.; Optical and X-ray Absorption Interrogation

of Selenium-based Re-dox in Li-SxSey batteries, Energy Advances, 2024, 3, 424-429.

61. Raj, A.; Atkinson, R.W.; Kinston, T.A.; Carter, R.; Love, C.T.; Thermal Gradient Strategy to Improve Seeding for High

Rate Zero Excess Lithium Metal Batteries, Frontiers in Energy Research, 2024 12, 1327955

60. Nuwayhid, B.R.; Yeom, J.; Watt, J.; Ford, H.O.; Long, J.W.; Carter, R.; Love, C.T.; Nanoscale Polycyclosiloxane

Interface Engineering for Enhanced Lithium Plating on Copper, ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2023, 6 (23), 12072-12083.

59. Neale, Z.G.; Lefler, M.J.; Long, J.W.; Rolison, D.R.; Sassin, M.B.; Carter, R.; Freestanding Carbon Nanofoam Papers with Tunable Porosity as Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cathodes. Nanoscale, 2023, 15, 16924-16932. *Cover Art

58. Sarkar, S.; Lefler, M.J.; Vishnugopi, B. Nuwayhid, R.B.; Love, C.T.; Carter. R.; Mukherjee, P.P.; Fluorinated ethylene carbonate as additive to glyme electrolytes for robust sodium solid electrolyte interface. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2023, 4, 101356.

57. Carter, R.; Love, C.T.; Using Thermal Energy to Enable Fast Charging of Energy-Dense Batteries. Joule, 2022, 6, 2447-2547. Invited

56. Lefler, M.J.; Yeom. J.; Rudolf, C.; Carter, R.; Love, C.T.; Structural and Morphological Analysis of the First Alloy/Dealloy of a Bulk Si-Li System at Elevated Temperature. ACS Omega, 2022, 7, 26, 22317-22325.

55. DeBlock, R.; Carter, R.; Lefler, M.J.; Sassin, M.B.; Rolison, D.R.; Long, J.W.; Sodiation-Induced Electrochromism in Carbon Nanofoams-Paper Electrodes. J Electrochem Soc. 2022, 169, 6, 060514.

54. Klein, E.J.; Carter, R.; Love, C.T.; Accelerating Rate Calorimetry and Complementary Techniques to Characterize Battery Safety Hazards. JoVE 2019, 175, e60342.

53. Guillamon, J.J.; Love, C.T.; Carter, R.; Yang, X.; Verma, A.; Electrolyte Conditions in Lithium-ion Batteries in Presence of a Thermal Gradient. MRS Advances 2021, 6, 564-569.

52. Carter, R.; Kingston, T.A.; Atkinson, R.W.; Parmananda, M.; Dubarry, M.; Fear, C.; Mukherjee, P.P.; Love, C.T.; Directionality of Thermal Gradients in Li-ion Batteries Dictates Diverging Degradation Modes. Cell Reports Physical Science 2021, 2, 100351

51. Fear, C.; Parmananda, M; Kabra, V.; Carter, R.; Love, C.T.; Mukherjee, P.P.; Mechanistic Underpinnings of Thermal Gradient Induced Inhomogeneity in Lithium Plating, Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 35, 500-511.

50. Carter, R.; NewRingeisen, A.; Reed, D.; Atkinson, R.W.; Mukherjee, P.P.; Love, C.T.; Optical Microscopy Reveals the Ambient Sodium Sulfur Discharge Mechanism, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 1, 92–100.

49. Atkinson, R.W.; Kingston, T.A.; Klein, E.; NewRingeisen, A.; Carter, R.; Love, C.T.; Minimizing Lithium Deactivation during High-Rate Electroplating via Sub-Ambient Thermal Gradient Control, Materials Today Energy, 2020, 18, 100538.

48. Fear, C.; Adhikary, T.; Carter, R.; Mistry, A.N; Love, C.T.; Mukherjee, P.P.; In-Operando Detection of the Onset and Mapping of Lithium Plating Regimes during Fast Charging of Lithium-ion Batteries. ACS Appl, Mater. & Interfaces 2020, 12, 30438-30448

47. Carter, R; Parker, J.F.; Sassin, M.B.; Klein, E.J.; Wolak, M.A.; Love, C.T.; Long, J.W.; Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ultrathin Polymers at Graphite Electrodes for Enhanced Performance in Li-ion Batteries. J Electrochem. Soc. 2020, 167, 060510.

46. Carter, R.; Klien, E. K.; Kingston, T. A.; Love, C. T. Detection of Lithium Plating During Thermally Transient Charging of Li-ion Batteries, Front. Energy Res. 2019, 7, 144. Invited

45. Atkinson, R. W.; Carter, R.; Love, C. T., Operational Strategy to Stabilize Lithium Metal Anodes by Applied Thermal Gradient, Energy Storage Mater 2019, 22, 18-28.

44. Carter, R; Klein, E. K.; Atkinson, R. W.; Love, C.T., Mechanical Collapse as Primary Degradation Mode in Mandrel-Free 18650 Li-ion cells Operated at 0 °C. J Power Sources 2019, 437, 226820. 

43. Moyer, K.; Carter, R.; Hanken, T.; Douglas, A.; Oakes, L.; Pint, C. L., Electrophoretic deposition of LiFePO4 onto 3-D current collectors for high areal loading battery cathodes. Materials Science and Engineering: B 2019, 241, 42-47.

42. Mistry, A.; Fear, C.; Carter, R.; Love, C. T.; Mukherjee, P. P., Electrolyte Confinement Alters Lithium Electrodeposition. ACS Energy Letters 2018, 156-162.

41. Carter, R.; Love, C. T., Modulation of Lithium Plating in Li-Ion Batteries with External Thermal Gradient. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2018, 10 (31), 26328-26334.

40. A. Douglas, R. Carter, M. Li, and C.L. Pint, “Toward Small Diameter Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized from Captured Carbon Dioxide: Critical Role of Catalyst Coarsening” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 19010−19018.

39. R. Carter, B. Huhman, C.T. Love, I.V. Zenyuk, “X-ray computed tomography comparison of individual and parallel assembled commercial lithium iron phosphate batteries at end of life after high rate cycling,” Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 381, 46-55

38. R. Carter, B. Davis, L. Oakes, M. Maschmann, and C.L. Pint, “High Areal Capacity Lithium Sulfur Battery Cathode by Site-Selective Vapor Infiltration of Hierarchical Carbon Nanotube Arrays,” Nanoscale, 2017,9, 15018–15026.

37. N. Muralidharan^, M. Li^, R. Carter, N. Galioto, and C.L. Pint, “Ultralow Frequency Electrochemical –Mechanical Strain Energy Harvester using 2D Black Phosphorus Nanosheets,” ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 8, 1797–1803

36. A. Douglas, N. Muralidharan, R. Carter, and C.L. Pint, “Sustainable Capture and Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Valuable Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes using Metal Scrap Materials,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 2017, 5 (8), pp 7104–7110

35. N. Muralidharan, C. Brock, A.P. Cohn, D. Schauben, R. Carter, L. Oakes, D.G. Walker, and C.L.Pint, “Tunable MechanoChemistry of Lithium Battery Electrodes,” ACS Nano 2017, 11, 6, 6243–6251

34. M. Li, R. Carter, A. Douglas, L. Oakes, C.L. Pint, “Sulfur vapor-infiltrated 3-D carbon nanotube foam for binder-free high areal capacity composite lithium sulfur battery cathodes,” ACS Nano 2017, 11, 5, 4877–4884

33. R. Carter^, L. Oakes^, N. Muralidharan, and C.L. Pint, “Isothermal sulfur condensation into carbon scaffolds: Improved loading, performance, and scalability for lithium sulfur battery cathodes,” Journal Physical Chemistry C, 2017, 121 (14), pp 7718–7727

32. M. Li, R. Carter, L. Oakes, A. Douglas, N. Muralidharan, and C.L. Pint, “Role of carbon defects in the reversible alloying states of red phosphorus composite anodes for efficient sodium ion batteries,”
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017,5, 5266-5272

31. A. Douglas, R. Carter, N. Muralidharan, L. Oakes, and C.L. Pint, “Iron catalyzed growth of crystalline multi-walled carbon nanotubes from ambient carbon dioxide mediated by molten carbonates,” Carbon 116 (2017) 572e578.

30. R. Carter, L. Oakes, N. Muralidharan, A.P. Cohn, A. Douglas, and C.L. Pint, “Polysulfide anchoring mechanism revealed by atomic layer deposition of V2O5 and sulfur filled carbon nanotubes for lithium-sulfur batteries,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 8, 7185–7192

29. R. Carter, L. Oakes, A. Douglas, N. Muralidharan, A. Cohn, C. L. Pint, “A Sugar Derived Room Temperature Sodium Sulfur Battery with Long Term Cycling Stability,” Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 3, 1863–1869

28. A.P. Cohn, N. Muralidharan, R. Carter, K. Share, and C.L. Pint, “An anode-free sodium battery through in-situ plating of sodium metal,” Nano Letter , 17, 1296–1301 (2017).

27. N. Muralidharan^, A.S. Westover^, H. Sun, N. Galioto, R. Carter, A.P. Cohn, L. Oakes, and C.L. Pint, “From the junkyard to the power grid; Ambient processing of scrap metals into nanostructured electrodes for ultrafast rechargeable batteries,” ACS Energy Letters. 1, 1034–1041 (2016).

26. L. Oakes, R. Carter, and C.L. Pint, “Nanoscale Defect Engineering of Lithium-Sulfur Battery Composite Cathodes for Improved Performance,” Nanoscale 8, 19368-19375 (2016).

25. K. Share, A.P. Cohn, R. Carter, B. Rodgers, and C.L. Pint, “Role of nitrogen doped graphene for improved high capacity potassium ion battery anodes,” ACS Nano 2016, 10, 10, 9738–9744

24. A.P. Cohn, N. Muralidharan, R. Carter, K. Share, L. Oakes, and C.L. Pint, “Durable potassium ion battery electrodes from high-rate cointercalation into graphitic carbons,”
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016,4, 14954-14959.

23. R. Carter, D. Ejorh, K. Share, A.P. Cohn, A. Douglas, N. Muralidharan, T. Tovar, and C.L. Pint, “Surface oxidized mesoporous carbons derived from porous silicon as dual polysulfide confinement and anchoring cathodes in lithium sulfur batteries,” Journal of Power Sources 330 (2016) 70e77

22. K. Share, A.P. Cohn, R. Carter, and C.L. Pint, “Mechanism of Electrochemical Potassium Ion Intercalation Staging in Few Layered Graphene from In-Situ Raman Spectroscopy,
Nanoscale, 2016,8, 16435-16439

21. M. Li, A. Westover, R. Carter, L. Oakes, N. Muralidharan, T. Boire, H-J. Sung, and C.L. Pint, “Noncovalent pi-pi stacking at the carbon-electrolyte interface; Controlling the voltage window of electrochemical supercapacitors.”  ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 30, 19558–19566

20. K. Share, R. Carter, P. Nikoleav, D. Hooper, L. Oakes,  A.P. Cohn, R. Rao, A.A. Puretzky, D.B. Geohegan, B. Maruyama, and C.L. Pint, “Nanoscale silicon as a catalyst for graphene growth; Mechanistic insight from in-situ Raman Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. C, 2016, 120, 26, 14180–14186

19. N. Muralidharan, R. Carter, L. Oakes, A.P. Cohn, and C.L. Pint, “Strain engineering to modify the electrochemistry of energy storage electrodes,” Scientific Reports, 6, Article number: 27542 (2016)

18. L. Oakes, R. Carter, T. Hanken, A.P. Cohn, K. Share, B. Schmidt, and C.L. Pint, “Interface strain in vertically stacked two-dimensional heterostructured carbon-MoS2 nanosheets controls electrochemical reactivity,” Nature Comm, 7, Article number: 11796 (2016)

17. M. Li, R. Carter, A.P. Cohn, and C.L. Pint, “Interconnected foams of helical carbon nanofibers grown with ultrahigh yield for high capacity sodium ion battery anodes,” Carbon 107 (2016) 109e115

16. T. Metke^, A.S. Westover^, R. Carter, L. Oakes, A. Douglas, and C.L. Pint, “Particulate-free porous silicon networks for efficient capacitive deionization water desalination,” Scientific Reports, 6, 24680 (2016) 

15. A. Douglas^, N. Muralidharan^, R. Carter, K. Share, and C.L. Pint, “Ultrafast triggered transient energy storage by atomic layer deposition into porous silicon for integrated transient electronics,”
Nanoscale, 2016,8, 7384-7390

14. S. Licht, A. Douglas, J. Ren, R. Carter, M. Lefler, and C.L. Pint, “Carbon nanotubes produced from ambient carbon dioxide for environmentally sustainable lithium-ion and sodium-ion battery anodes,” ACS Cent. Sci. 2016, 2, 3, 162–168.

13. A.P. Cohn, K. Share, R. Carter, L. Oakes, and C.L. Pint, “Ultrafast solvent-assisted sodium ion intercalation into highly crystalline few-layered graphene,” Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 1, 543–548

12. K. Share, J. Lewis, L. Oakes, R. Carter, A.P. Cohn, and C.L. Pint, “Tungsten Diselenide (WSe2) as a high capacity, low overpotential conversion electrode for sodium ion batteries,” RSC Adv., 2015,5, 101262-101267

11. A. Douglas, R. Carter, L. Oakes, K. Share, A.P. Cohn, and C.L. Pint, “Ultrafine iron pyrite (FeS2) nanocrystals improve sodium-sulfur and lithium-sulfur conversion reactions for efficient batteries,” ACS Nano 2015, 9, 11, 11156–11165

10. R. Carter, S. Chatterjee, E. Gordon, K. Share, W.R. Erwin, A.P. Cohn, R. Bardhan, and C.L. Pint, “Corrosion resistant three-dimensional nanotextured silicon for water photo-oxidation,” Nanoscale, 2015,7, 16755-16762

9. L. Oakes, D. Zukifli, H. Azmi, K. Share, T. Hanken, R. Carter, and C.L. Pint, “One Batch Exfoliation and Assembly of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets using Electrophoretic Deposition,” 2015 J. Electrochem. Soc. 162 D3063 (JES Special Focus Issue on Electrophoretic Deposition)

8. L. Oakes, T. Hanken, R. Carter, W. Yates, and C.L. Pint, “Roll-to-roll nanomanufacturing of hybrid nanostructures for energy storage device design,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 26, 14201–14210

7. A.P. Cohn^, W.R. Erwin^, K. Share, L. Oakes, A.S. Westover, R. Carter, R. Bardhan, and C.L. Pint, “All silicon electrode photo-capacitor for integrated energy storage and conversion,” Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 4, 2727–2731

6. A.S. Westover, D. Freudiger, Z.S. Gani, K. Share, L. Oakes, R. Carter, and C.L. Pint, “On-chip high power porous silicon lithium ion batteries with stable capacity over 10,000 cycles,”  Nanoscale, 2015,7, 98-103

5. R. Carter, L. Oakes, A. Cohn, J. Holzgrafe, H.F. Zarick, S. Chatterjee, R. Bardhan, and C.L. Pint, “Solution assembled single walled carbon nanotube foams; Superior performance in supercapacitors, lithium ion, and lithium air batteries,” J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 35, 20137–20151

4. A.S. Westover, K. Share, R. Carter, A.P. Cohn, L. Oakes, and C.L. Pint, “Direct integration of a supercapacitor into the backside of a silicon photovoltaic device,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 213905 (2014)

3. S. Chatterjee, R. Carter, L. Oakes, W.R. Erwin, R. Bardhan, and C.L. Pint, “Electrochemical and corrosion stability of nanostructured silicon by graphene coatings; Toward high power porous silicon supercapacitors,” J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 20, 10893–10902

2. A.S. Westover, F.N. Shabab, J. Tian, S. Bernath, L. Oakes, W.R. Erwin, R. Carter, R. Bardhan, and C.L. Pint, “Stretching ion conducting polymer electrolytes; in-situ correlation of mechanical, ionic transport, and optical properties,” 2014 J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 E112

1. A.P. Cohn, L. Oakes, R. Carter, S. Chatterjee, A. Westover, K. Share, and C.L. Pint, “Assessing the improved performance of freestanding, flexible graphene and carbon nanotube hybrid foams for lithium-ion battery anodes,” Nanoscale, 2014,6, 4669-4675

^ denotes equal contributing first author.