The goal of my action research was to use Direct Instruction strategies to improve oral language production for emergent language learners. My study included seven emergent language learners: three kindergarteners, two first graders, and two second graders. Of these seven students, two were newcomers this school year and two were newcomers last year. As for the other three, two of them were in kindergarten with Spanish being the primary language used at home, and the last student was suspected to have had interrupted schooling. All seven of these students were emergent language learners because they had very low language skills and abilities in their second language.
Direct Instruction for oral language production includes: comprehensible input, output production, lowering the affective filter, vocabulary, and corrective feedback. The instructional strategies that I implemented were a Direct Instruction intervention called Language for Learning, a Breakfast Club for structured conversation, and group activities throughout various lessons. All seven students received these instructional strategies across a seven week period starting January 21, 2019 through March 8, 2019. There was a total of 29 days of instruction, excluding days where students did not have school and days in which I was not holding groups due to English Language Proficiency Assessment (ELPA) testing.
Corrective Feedback
During the seven weeks of research I would have implemented lessons 31 through 50 of the Language for Learning intervention. Students would have been assessed using a pre and post test comparison for two units. In lessons 31 through 50 students would have learned a variety of different things. Based on the scope and sequence from the intervention, these lessons covered: actions, descriptions of objects, information and background knowledge, instructional words, and problem solving concepts, strategies, and applications.
I chose to implement this intervention because I learned from my literature review that direct instruction has many benefits for emerging learners. First of all, direct instruction provides comprehensible input. This is due to the theorist, Vygotsky, and his “i+1” theory. This theory states that you take the information that students know and then you add a little more so that they understand almost everything, and the students will be able to infer and figure out the pieces that they do not understand.
This intervention also used pictures to teach new vocabulary. According to my literature review, using visuals helps emerging students retain the vocabulary because they have pictures to associate with the term. Language for Learning also used a lot of repetition from the teacher and peers and explicit corrective feedback. For example, if I showed a picture of a window and my student responded with the wrong word I would stop and say, “no, this is a window. Say it with me, this is a window. Now say it by yourself.”
Besides the components that were already imbedded in the intervention, I also implemented games such as Bingo, Memory, and Spot it using the vocabulary that they were learning. Each game would have involved pictures of the items and each game focused on a different piece of language acquisition. Bingo focused on comprehensible input because the teacher said the words and then the students had to comprehend the word by finding the picture that matched. Memory at the emerging level focused on transferring the words to items that were similar but not exactly the same. For example, the memory game had two different houses that matched. This helped students to associate the word with all houses and not just the house that was shown in the intervention. Lastly, Spot it focused on oral production and saying the words. Students found the picture that matched, said the word, and then played their card. This game worked really well because students held each other accountable. The games were implemented on makeup days, when students finished a lesson early, and on assessment days.
The intervention took place Monday through Friday. However, I had two different Language for Learning Groups. I had one group first thing in the morning and one group at the very end of the day. My morning group met Monday through Friday the first week and then every week after that they met every day except Tuesday, because Tuesday was ELPA testing. My afternoon group met everyday except Thursdays, due to early release. This meant that on Thursday, my morning group made up lessons from Tuesday that they did not receive. The intervention was implemented according to the following calendar:
The direct instruction intervention was designed with differentiated instruction to meet the needs of every student. The intervention had each individual student respond to different sections throughout the lessons, that way the instructor could offer differentiated feedback for each individual. I also created two separate groups in order to work around the schedules of each student and their different grade levels. My three kindergarten students were in the morning, and my four first and second grade students were at the end of the day. Also, during the lessons, some of my students preferred to present up front and point to the pictures themselves, and some of my students preferred to sit at their desks and share while I pointed to the pictures. I gave them the option because some students enjoyed being the “teacher” while other students were shyer and preferred to not have all eyes on them.
I implemented a time for students to practice having conversations that were specific to their speaking proficiency. During each week of my study I focused on specific components that an emergent learner was working on. We started off working with the lower level conversations such as answering yes/no and either or questions and then we worked our way into the more challenging and level two speaking components such as describing what happened in a video and expressing opinions. Every morning, except Tuesdays, for seven weeks students had conversations with me. I recorded each conversation and took anecdotal notes on each conversation.
I implemented Breakfast Club as a way for students to practice their conversational skills and output production. According to my literature review, I needed to make students feel more comfortable in order for them to speak. I chose to have breakfast with them every morning as a way to build relationships, welcome them to school, and get a fresh start to their day. We all know that students have different things that happen during their school day that can affect their attitude and willingness to work hard. I chose to see my students first thing in the morning so that I could start their day in a comfortable environment before they had any challenges that may have upset or frustrated them. Ultimately, by having my students in a low stakes setting and by having conversations over breakfast, I was hoping to lower their affective filter and gain insight to their speaking abilities.
Breakfast Club was the best choice for my students because they were in multiple different grade levels and they all had varying schedules throughout the day. It was also very beneficial for my students because we started the day practicing English before they had to use it in the classrooms. In a way, I thought of it as a warm up before the big game. Just like before you play in a soccer game, you have to stretch and get warmed up. For my students, English is not their first language, therefore, it takes them some time to process and get in the mindset of communicating in English from the language they may be communicating in at home. Therefore, Breakfast Club allowed my students the chance to get their listening and speaking skills going before they had to take on the classroom vocabulary.
Breakfast Club was took place every morning from the time each student arrived at my room until 8:30. The group did not meet on Tuesday mornings due to ELPA testing or on days where there was no school. The conversations were structured according to the following Breakfast Club Calendar. Each week went from Wednesday to the following Tuesday.
Breakfast Club addressed the diverse needs by relating the topics to students' interests. I had been working with my students for the past six months, prior to my research, and I learned a great deal about them. I knew what their first languages were, where they were born, if they moved recently or in the past, what their families were like, if they had pets, what they liked and disliked and much more. I geared my questions towards what I already knew about my students and towards things I would have liked to know about them. I also differentiated instruction for my kindergarteners, first graders, and second graders based on their current level of speaking. Some of my students could give me more information such as the color, shape, and size of an object and some of my students could only name the object or noun. I designed questions to meet each student where they were at so that they could be successful and challenged simultaneously.
Group activities were implemented throughout various lessons. I implemented Games as well as Dyad, Barrier, and Restructuring partner activities. Dyads were activities that students completed in pairs. Barrier activities were when one student had the answers and another student was trying to reproduce the answers using communication skills without looking. Restructuring activities were when students were given a criterion to categorize or organize by and they had to use their communication skills in order to complete the task. The activities were implemented during different groups throughout the day. These activities were chosen because they allowed students to practice authentic communication with their peers as well as the instructor. I chose to implement group activities at least three times a week. Sometimes my students were working with a peer that held the same language proficiency level as them and at other times they were with peers who held higher language proficiency levels. This helped to reach the diverse needs of my students. I paired groups according to strengths and weaknesses, grade levels, gender, language proficiency, as well as multiple intelligences to meet the needs of my students.
These strategies all fostered culturally responsive practices because I knew that all of my students came from different backgrounds. Some of my students were born in different countries, others lived in different countries, some traveled and moved a lot, and some went back and forth. Besides location, some of my students were fluently speaking in their first language, some of them were fluently speaking two languages, and some of them were not fluent in any language. Therefore, I had to teach in a very simple way. I had to limit native language and second language connections for some of my students and utilize them for others. I also had to learn about different countries and where they had lived to offer examples of places that they could connect to in order to foster equality and accessibility. America can look very different than other countries, and when I was working with my students I had to give them visuals with people, cultures, and places that they were familiar with and could relate to. I had to offer multiple perspectives from different cultures so that my students could see themselves in their learning. I knew that having a group of students with diverse languages and cultures would challenge me to find ways for them to relate to their prior knowledge.
Throughout the implementation of my study I collaborated with various internal and external stakeholders. The internal stakeholders I collaborated with were the classroom teachers, my co-teacher, and my principal. Classroom teachers supported my research by being flexible with their schedules and my EL students’ services. My co-teacher also supported my research by helping build a welcoming and risk-taking classroom environment. My principal supported my research by helping my students to feel welcomed and safe while learning in our building.
The external stakeholders I collaborated with included my CADRE associate, my EL director, my EL undergraduate professor, and my capstone professor. Each of these people played a great role in supporting my research. My associate helped me to collect, record, and analyze data. My EL director helped me narrow down my area of focus to oral production. My EL undergraduate professor supported my research through knowledge and my literature review. She was also able to report on direct instruction among emergent learners and offer insight about strategies that could be successful with my students. Lastly, my capstone professor helped me organize every piece of my research. She helped me step by step through the process, offered me feedback, gave me the opportunity to talk through my ideas, and guided me towards the research I wanted to conduct.