ChromeOS,[8] sometimes styled as chromeOS and formerly styled as Chrome OS, is a Linux-based operating system developed and designed by Google. It is derived from the open-source ChromiumOS and uses the Google Chrome web browser as its principal user interface.

Google announced the project in July 2009, initially describing it as an operating system where applications and user data would reside in the cloud. ChromeOS was used primarily to run web applications.[9]


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ChromeOS was initially intended for secondary devices like netbooks, and not as a user's primary PC.[15][16] Google has requested that its hardware partners use solid-state drives "for performance and reliability reasons"[17] as well as the lower capacity requirements inherent in an operating system that accesses applications and most user data on remote servers. In November 2009, Matthew Papakipos, engineering director for the ChromeOS, announced that ChromeOS would only support solid-state storage (i.e. not mechanical hard-disks), and noted that ChromeOS only required one-sixtieth as much drive space as Windows 7.[18] Ten years later, in 2019, the recovery images Google provided for ChromeOS were still only between 1 and 3 GB in size.[19]

In April 2012, Google made the first update to ChromeOS's user interface since the operating system had launched, introducing a hardware-accelerated window manager called "Aura" along with a conventional taskbar. The additions marked a departure from the operating system's original concept of a single browser with tabs and gave ChromeOS the look and feel of a more conventional desktop operating system. "In a way, this almost feels as if Google is admitting defeat here", wrote Frederic Lardinois on TechCrunch. He argued that Google had traded its original version of simplicity for greater functionality. "That's not necessarily a bad thing, though, and may just help ChromeOS gain more mainstream acceptance as new users will surely find it to be a more familiar experience."[38] Lenovo and HP followed Samsung and Acer in manufacturing Chromebooks in early 2013 with their own models.[39] Lenovo specifically targeted their Chromebook at students, headlining their press release with "Lenovo Introduces Rugged ThinkPad Chromebook for Schools".[40][41]

Google has partnered on Chrome devices with several leading OEMs, including Acer, ASUS, Dell, HP, Lenovo, and Samsung. In August 2019, Dell announced that two of its popular business-focused laptops would run ChromeOS and come with Chrome Enterprise Upgrade. The Latitude 5300 2-in-1 Chromebook Enterprise and Latitude 5400 Chromebook Enterprise were the result of a two-year partnership between Dell and Google.[80] The machines come with a bundle of Dell's cloud-based support services that would enable enterprise IT managers to deploy them in environments that also rely on Windows.[81] The new laptop line "delivers the search giant's ChromeOS operating system in a form tailored for security-conscious organizations."[82] Other OEMs that have launched devices with Chrome Enterprise Upgrade include Acer and HP.[83]

Initially, ChromeOS was a pure thin client operating system that relied primarily on servers to host web applications and related data storage.[95][96] Google gradually began encouraging developers to create "packaged applications", and later, Chrome Apps by employing HTML5, CSS, Adobe Shockwave, and JavaScript to provide a user experience closer to a native application.[97][98]

ChromeOS also includes an integrated file manager, resembling those found on other operating systems, with the ability to display directories and the files they contain from both Google Drive and local storage, as well as to preview and manage file contents using a variety of Web applications, including Google Docs and Box.[112] Since January 2015, ChromeOS can also integrate additional storage sources into the file manager, relying on installed extensions that use the File System Provider API.[113]

In March 2010, Google software security engineer Will Drewry discussed ChromeOS security. Drewry described ChromeOS as a "hardened" operating system featuring auto-updating and sandbox features that would reduce malware exposure. He said that ChromeOS netbooks would be shipped with Trusted Platform Module (TPM), and include both a "trusted boot path" and a physical switch under the battery compartment that activates a "developer mode". That mode drops some specialized security functions but increases developer flexibility. Drewry also emphasized that the open-source nature of the operating system would contribute greatly to its security by allowing constant developer feedback.[135]

At a December 2010 press conference, Google declared that ChromeOS would be the most secure consumer operating system due in part to a verified boot ability, in which the initial boot code, stored in read-only memory, checks for system compromises.[136]

Early in the project, Google provided publicly many details of ChromeOS' design goals and direction,[148] although the company has not followed up with a technical description of the completed operating system.

Some observers claimed that other operating systems already filled the niche that ChromeOS was aiming for, with the added advantage of supporting native applications in addition to a browser. Tony Bradley of PC World wrote in November 2009: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}

Google's offering of two open-source operating systems, Android[168] and ChromeOS, has drawn some criticism despite the similarity between this situation and that of Apple Inc.'s two operating systems, macOS and iOS. Steve Ballmer, Microsoft CEO at the time, accused Google of not being able to make up its mind.[169] Steven Levy wrote that "the dissonance between the two systems was apparent" at Google I/O 2011. The event featured a daily press conference in which each team leader, Android's Andy Rubin and Chrome's Sundar Pichai, "unconvincingly tried to explain why the systems weren't competitive".[170] Google co-founder Sergey Brin addressed the question by saying that owning two promising operating systems was "a problem that most companies would love to face".[170] Brin suggested that the two operating systems "will likely converge over time".[171] The speculation over convergence increased in March 2013 when ChromeOS chief Pichai replaced Rubin as the senior vice president in charge of Android, thereby putting Pichai in charge of both.[172]

The relationship between Android and ChromeOS became closer at Google I/O 2014, where developers demonstrated native Android software running on ChromeOS through a Native Client-based runtime.[117][173] In September 2014, Google introduced a beta version of the App Runtime for Chrome (ARC), which allows selected Android applications to be used on ChromeOS, using a Native Client-based environment that provides the platforms necessary to run Android software. Android applications do not require any modifications to run on ChromeOS, but may be modified to better support a mouse and keyboard environment. At its introduction, ChromeOS support was only available for selected Android applications.[117] In October 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported that ChromeOS would be folded into Android so that a single OS would result by 2017. The resulting OS would be Android, but it would be expanded to run on laptops.[174][175] Google responded that while the company has "been working on ways to bring together the best of both operating systems, there's no plan to phase out ChromeOS".[176]

A sustainable solution making the most of existing hardware: Use Chrome OS Flex to maximize the life of your existing device fleet. Rather than disposing of aging PCs and Macs, refresh them with a modern and fast operating system to reduce e-waste.

ChromiumOS is an open-source project that aims to build an operating systemthat provides a fast, simple, and more secure computing experience for peoplewho spend most of their time on the web. Here you can review the project'sdesign docs,obtain the source code, and contribute. To learn more about the project goals,read the announcement blogpost.

Since the code of the operating system is open source, as part of the Chromium OS project, other developers have produced installers, such as Chromify/Project Croissant. You could, with a bit of gumption, try installing Chromium OS on standard PC hardware, but you might encounter hardware incompatibilities. The majority of users should buy hardware with the OS preinstalled.

As you'd expect from Google, the OS's interface is centered around search and the browser. Unlike most desktop operating systems, ChromeOS doesn't let you pin icons for apps and files onto the desktop. Instead, you use the Everything Button, the Launcher, and the Shelf. I'll discuss each of those three important interface elements below.

ChromeOS benefits from a couple of Microsoft Windows-style features that are still missing in macOS: Clipboard History is accessible with the circular Launcher Button-V or Search key-V And the operating system gets its own form of Snap layouts that, just like in Windows 11, appear when you hover the mouse over the Maximize button at top right of a window. (You can also get to the options with Launcher-Z)

The operating system supports most of the standard keyboard shortcuts, like Ctrl-F for find, Ctrl-Z to undo, and Ctrl-V to paste. The Everything Button opens Google Assistant, but it doesn't show recent and often-used apps as the Windows key does, let alone open a touch-friendly tile menu. Two excellent keys are the Show Windows and Full Screen. macOS has the former, but the latter is unique and a great idea. Everything Button-Esc takes you to the task manager, where you can shut down misbehaving programs.

An important built-in app in a desktop operating system is email. Windows, Mac, and iOS all include polished apps that let you manage and view multiple mail accounts, but ChromeOS points you to the browser by default. Of course, a wealth of Android mail clients stand ready to augment it. e24fc04721

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