1a. Hardware is a physical component of a computer system

1b. ROM, Motherboard, RAM, Sound card, Video graphics card

1c. Software is a program or set of instructions used to control computer system

1d. Operating system, Utility software, Linkers, Device driver, Compiler

1e. Presentaion software (MS PowerPoint), Browser such as Google Chrome

 2a. RAM

2b. Motherboard

2c. ROM

2d. Sound card

3. Microphone, Speaker, Camera, Headphone

4. Microphone, camera, accelerometer 

5. Word processing, Spreadsheet, Database, Presentation

6. Interpreter, MS Word

7a. Sound card

7b. Speaker

8a. Application, System, Application, System

8b. Sound card, RAM, Motherboard, Network card (NIC)

9. External, Internal, External, External

10a. Browser such as Chrome: The purpose is to search for information on the Internet to be used for the presentation.

10b. Presentation software such as PowerPoint: The purpose is to create slides for the presentation.

Question 1

1. • RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory) are both types of memory used in computers and other devices.

   • RAM is volatile memory, which means it loses its data when the power is turned off.

   • ROM is non-volatile memory, which means it retains its data even when the power is turned off.

   • ROM stores startup instructions.

   • RAM stores data currently running in the computer.

Question 2

Backing Storage:

• Backing storage is used for the permanent storage of data.

• Examples of backing storage include hard drives, SSDs, USB drives, and CDs.

• Backing storage retains data even when the computer is turned off.

• It is used for long-term storage of files and programs.

Internal Memory:

• Internal memory is used for the temporary storage of data.

• An example of internal memory is RAM (Random Access Memory).

• Internal memory loses its data when the computer is turned off.

• It is used for storing data that the CPU needs while the computer is running, such as currently running programs and open files.

Question 3

• The CPU controls the operation of a computer system.

• It processes instructions from programs and performs calculations.

• The CPU controls all other parts of the computer by sending and receiving signals.

• It executes basic operations such as arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output tasks.

• The CPU has two main parts: the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and the Control Unit (CU).

• The ALU performs mathematical operations, while the CU directs all activities and manages data flow within the CPU.

Question 4

Main memory, ALU, ALU, Control unit

Question 5

RAM, Magnetic tape, RAM, ROM

Question 6

CD RW, Portable hard disk

Question 7

ROM, Internal hard disk, RAM, Video card

Question 8

RAM, HDD, ROM, RAM

Question 9

• SSDs are faster in reading and writing data.

• SSDs are more durable and less prone to damage from drops or shocks.

• SSDs are quieter because they have no moving parts.

• SSDs consume less power, which helps extend battery life in laptops.

• SSDs are lighter, making laptops easier to carry.

• SSDs have faster boot and load times for operating systems and applications.

Question 10

• Desktop computers generally offer better performance for the same price as laptops.

• Desktops have more upgrade options for components like RAM, storage, and graphics cards.

• Desktops usually have larger monitors, providing a better display for work and entertainment.

• Desktops have better cooling systems, which can lead to a longer lifespan and consistent performance.

• Desktops typically have more ports and connectivity options for peripherals like printers, scanners, and external drives.

• Desktop computers have separate components such as the mouse, keyboard, monitor, and CPU case, which can be individually replaced when broken, unlike laptops that have all components integrated into a single unit. 

Question 1

• GUIs are easier to use with visual icons and menus. CLIs require typing commands.

• GUIs are simpler to learn for beginners. CLIs can be harder to learn.

• CLIs can be faster for experienced users. GUIs might take more steps to complete tasks.

• GUIs use more system resources like memory and processing power. CLIs use fewer resources.

• CLIs offer more control and precision for advanced tasks. GUIs might limit some options.

• GUIs provide visual feedback with windows and icons. CLIs give text-based feedback.

• GUIs often have helpful error messages. CLIs can give unclear error messages.

• GUIs can work with touchscreens. CLIs only work with keyboards.

• In conclusion, GUIs are user-friendly and good for beginners, while CLIs are faster and offer more control for experienced users. 

Question 2

Advantages of CLI:

1. CLI allows for precise and detailed configuration settings.

2. It can be faster for experienced IT specialists who are proficient with commands.

3. CLI consumes fewer system resources, making it lighter on the server.

4. It is ideal for scripting and automating repetitive tasks.

Disadvantages of CLI: 

5. CLI requires knowledge of specific commands and syntax, which can have a steep learning curve. 

6. It may have limited visual feedback compared to GUI, making troubleshooting complex configurations more challenging. 

7. CLI can be error-prone with manual input errors. 

8. It may not be as intuitive for beginners or those unfamiliar with command-based interfaces.

Question 3

3a. Graphical User Interface (GUI)

3b. Icons are images used to represent applications. It serves as a visual representation that users can click on or interact with to open programs and files.

3c. Clicking

Question 4

• GUIs are easy to use with touch gestures.

• They have visually appealing icons and colors.

• GUIs provide quick access to apps and functions.

• No need to memorize commands to use GUIs

Question 5

5a. Command Line Interface (CLI)

5b. User has to learn commands, User has memorize commands, User must type commands correctly to function.

Question 6

CLI, GUI, CLI, GUI

Question 7

• GUIs are easier to use with visual icons and menus. CLIs require typing commands.

• GUIs are simpler to learn for beginners. CLIs can be harder to learn.

• CLIs can be faster for experienced users. GUIs might take more steps to complete tasks.

• GUIs use more system resources like memory and processing power. CLIs use fewer resources.

• CLIs offer more control and precision for advanced tasks. GUIs might limit some options.

Question 8

Icons: Icons provide visual shortcuts for users to easily access applications and files without needing to remember commands.

Menus: Menus organize options and settings in a structured way, making it simpler for users to navigate through different functions and customize their experience.

Answer 1

1a

• Making phone calls and sending text messages.

• Taking photos and recording videos.

• Using apps for social media, navigation, and productivity.

1b

• Convenient for quick notifications and checking messages without taking out a phone.

• Fitness tracking features like heart rate monitoring and step counting.

1c

• Limited screen size and functionality compared to smartphones.

• Dependence on smartphone connectivity for some features like internet access and app updates.

Answer 2

• Laptops have larger screens, which are better for viewing and editing documents.

• Laptops have physical keyboards that make typing and formatting easier.

• They offer powerful software like Microsoft Word or Adobe InDesign for creating professional-looking newsletters.

• Laptops are less portable and bulkier to carry around.

• They may have shorter battery life compared to smartphones.

• Using software on laptops may require some learning or training.

• Laptops provide a more comfortable and efficient environment for extended typing sessions.

• They can handle complex formatting and layout tasks more effectively than smartphones.

2b. (i)Touchscreen, Microphone (ii) Speaker, Screen (iii) Pen drive, Portable hard disk 

Answer 3

3a. 

Desktop computer, Smartwatch, Tablet computer, Smartwatch

3b. 

• Smartphones are highly portable, fitting easily into pockets or bags.

• They provide constant internet access through cellular data.

• Smartphones integrate a variety of apps for communication, productivity, and entertainment.

Answer 4

• Tablets have a touchscreen interface for easy navigation and input.

• They are lightweight and portable, making them easy to carry.

• Tablets have built-in batteries, allowing for wireless use.

• They often support a range of apps for various tasks, similar to smartphones.

• Tablets typically have larger screens than smartphones, providing a better viewing experience.

• They often include features like cameras, speakers, and microphones for multimedia use.

Answer 5

Desktop, Desktop, Smartphone, Laptop

Answer 6

• Tourists can use GPS and maps apps to find their way around new places.

• Smartphones allow tourists to easily communicate with locals and home via calls, texts, and messaging apps.

• Tourists can use translation apps to understand and communicate in foreign languages.

• Access to the internet allows tourists to look up information about attractions, restaurants, and local customs.

• Roaming charges and data fees can be very expensive for tourists using smartphones abroad.

• Smartphones can be a target for theft, and tourists may also risk losing personal data if their device is stolen or hacked.

• Tourists may rely too much on their smartphones, potentially missing out on the experience of exploring and interacting with the local environment.

• Heavy usage of navigation and internet apps can drain the battery quickly, leaving tourists without a functioning phone.

Answer 7

• Smartphones are more portable and easier to carry in a jungle.

• Smartphones have better battery life for prolonged use without charging.

• Smartphones can use cellular data for internet access if Wi-Fi is unavailable.

• Smartphones have built-in cameras for quick photo documentation.

• Smartphones allow for quick note-taking and voice memos.

• Laptops have larger screens for better visibility and easier editing.

• Laptops have full keyboards for faster and more comfortable typing.

• Laptops offer more powerful software for document creation.

• Laptops have better storage capacity for large files.

• Conclusion: While smartphones are more portable and versatile in the jungle, laptops provide a more efficient and comfortable experience for writing detailed reports.

Answer 8

• Laptops are portable, allowing use anywhere.

• Laptops have built-in batteries for use without a constant power source.

• Laptops combine all components into one unit, saving space.

• Laptops have built-in Wi-Fi for easy internet access.

• Laptops can be used for both work and travel.

• Laptops often have webcams and microphones for video calls.

Answer 9

• Sending and receiving text messages and emails.

• Taking photos and recording videos.

• Browsing the internet and using social media.

• Using GPS for navigation and maps.

Answer 10

• Touchscreen

• Microphone

• Camera

Question 1

• VR headset

• Motion controllers

• Haptic gloves

• Goggle

Question 2

• VR Headset: Customers will wear VR headsets to experience the virtual test drive.

• Motion Controllers: Customers will use motion controllers to interact with the virtual environment and simulate driving actions.

Question 3

• Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-generated simulation.

• It creates a three-dimensional environment.

• Users can interact with and explore this environment.

• It uses special equipment like headsets and sensors.

• VR makes users feel immersed in a realistic virtual world.

• It enhances sensory experiences through sight, sound, and sometimes touch.

Question 4

• AR can help users navigate with directions and points of interest overlaid on streets.

• In education, AR enhances learning with interactive 3D models and historical information.

• AR enables virtual try-ons for clothes and visualizing furniture in homes before purchase.

• In healthcare, AR assists surgeons with real-time guidance during surgeries.

• AR offers interactive guides at landmarks and museums for enriched tourism experiences.

Question 5

• Both VR and AR use computer-generated simulations to enhance user experiences.

• VR creates immersive virtual environments that users interact with entirely.

• AR overlays digital information onto the real-world environment that users see through devices.

• VR typically isolates users from the physical environment for full immersion.

• AR allows users to interact with both digital content and the physical world simultaneously.

Question 1

• • Digital camera can capture faster than scanner which reduces scanning time for multiple items.

  • Images easily editable and enhanced with software in digital camera.

  • Digital camera has a lower resolution compared to scanners which affects image quality.

  • Digital camera requires precise positioning and lighting for clear scans.

• • Scanner has higher resolution which provides quality scans.

  • Scanner ensures consistent image quality across all scanned documents.

  • Scanner is less portable and requires specific setup conditions.

  • Scanner has higher cost compared to digital cameras.

Question 2

• Temperature sensor

• Humidity sensor

Question 3

• Touch screens provide intuitive and easy-to-use interfaces.

• They allow for faster navigation and input by directly touching the screen.

• They eliminate the need for additional input devices like a mouse or keyboard.

Question 4

• Pressure sensor

• Microphone

• Camera

Question 5

• Temperature sensor

• Humidity sensor

• Light sensor

Question 6

• Microphone

• Computer 

• Digital audio recorder

• Headphone

Question 7

• pH sensor

• Turbidity sensor

• Dissolved oxygen sensor

Question 8

• Microphone

• Camera

Question 9

• Touch screens offer an intuitive and user-friendly interface for direct interaction.

• They save space by eliminating the need for a separate keyboard and mouse.

• Touch screens enhance portability, making tablets easier to carry and use on the go.

• Touch screens can be less accurate and slower for typing compared to a physical keyboard.

• They may become smudged and dirty from frequent touching, affecting visibility.

• Touch screens can be more prone to damage and costly to repair compared to traditional monitors and keyboards.

Question 10

• Mouse

• Touch screen

Question 1

• Both OMRs and OCRs are input devices that read information from paper.

• OMRs detect marks made on pre-defined locations, often used for multiple-choice exams and surveys.

• OCRs recognize printed or handwritten text characters, converting them into digital text for editing or processing.

• OMRs require precise and clear marks to ensure accuracy, usually on specialized forms.

• OCRs can handle various fonts and handwriting styles but may need more processing for accuracy.

• OMRs are faster for large-scale data collection due to their simplicity.

• OCRs offer more versatility in reading different types of text documents.

Question 2

• Grading multiple-choice exams

• Processing survey responses

• Collecting data from standardized tests

• Recording votes in elections

Question 3

• Both RFID and barcode readers are used for automatic identification and data capture.

• They help in tracking and managing inventory by reading information from product labels.

• Both systems improve efficiency and accuracy in data collection and processing.

• RFID uses radio waves to read data, while barcode readers use optical scanning to read printed barcodes.

• RFID can read multiple tags simultaneously without direct line of sight, whereas barcode readers require a direct line of sight to the barcode.

• RFID tags can store more information compared to barcodes, which typically hold less data.

• RFID tags are more durable and can be embedded within products, while barcodes are printed on labels and are more susceptible to damage.

• RFID systems are generally more expensive to implement than barcode systems.

Question 4

• Tracking pets and livestock for identification and health monitoring.

• Managing access control in secure areas, such as buildings and parking lots.

Question 5

• RFID can read multiple tags simultaneously, speeding up the book check-in and check-out process.

• RFID does not require direct line of sight, making it easier to scan books through bags or stacks.

• RFID tags can store more information, enabling better tracking of book details and history.

• RFID tags are more durable and less prone to damage, reducing the need for replacements.

• RFID improves inventory management by allowing quick and accurate shelf scans.

• RFID enhances security by enabling real-time tracking of books within the library.

Question 6

• QR codes can store a large amount of data compared to traditional barcodes.

• They are easily scanned using smartphones and other devices with cameras.

• QR codes can encode different types of data, such as URLs, text, and contact information.

• They enable quick access to information or websites by simply scanning the code.

• QR codes can be printed on various materials and are highly durable.

• They enhance user convenience by providing a seamless and contactless way to retrieve information.

Question 7

• RFID cards do not require physical contact with the reader, making them more convenient and faster to use.

• RFID cards are more durable and less prone to wear and tear since they do not need to be swiped.

• Magnetic stripe cards are generally cheaper to produce and implement.

• Magnetic stripe technology is reliable for simple applications and access control.

• RFID cards use radio frequency to communicate with the lock, while magnetic stripe cards require physical swiping.

• RFID cards provide faster and contactless entry, whereas magnetic stripe cards require physical contact.

• RFID cards are more resistant to damage and demagnetization compared to magnetic stripe cards.

• RFID technology supports more complex data storage and security features than magnetic stripe technology.

Question 8

• RFID reader

• OCR (Optical Character Recognition) 

• Bar code reader

Question 9

• RFID works by using radio waves to transfer data between an RFID tag and a reader device.

• Each RFID tag contains a microchip that stores data and an antenna to transmit and receive radio signals.

• When an RFID reader sends out a radio signal, the RFID tag within range picks up the signal.

• The tag then uses the energy from the signal to power itself and transmit its stored data back to the reader.

• RFID systems can operate over short to long distances depending on the type of RFID technology used.

• RFID tags can be passive (powered by the reader's signal), active (with their own power source), or semi-passive (partially powered by the reader).

Question 10

• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

• PIN pad

• Bar code reader

• RFID reader

Question 1

• Laser printer

Question 2

Projector

Reason:

• Visibility: A projector allows large groups to view the presentation simultaneously, ensuring all guests and students can see and follow the content.

Monitor or Display Screen

Reason:

• Detail: A monitor or display screen provides detailed viewing for testing the multimedia presentation's clarity and visual quality.

Speakers

Reason:

• Sound Quality: Speakers ensure the audio components of the multimedia presentation, such as music and narration, are clear and of high quality.

Question 3

• Actuators: used to open and close windows for temperature and humidity control.

• Automatic shade systems: control the amount of sunlight entering the glasshouse.

• Alarms: alert operators to issues such as temperature fluctuations or equipment malfunctions.

Question 4

• 3D

• Dot matrix

• Laser

• Laser

Question 5

• Screen

• Speaker

• Touchscreen

Question 6

• Wide format printer

• Driving wheel

• Touchpad

• Speaker

Question 7

• Dot matrix

• Laser

• Laser

• 3D printers

Question 8

8a.

• Motion controllers

• Gloves with sensors

8b.

• VR headset

• Haptic feedback devices

Question 9

• Dot matrix printers are robust and can handle tough environments better than laser printers.

• They can create carbon copies of invoices simultaneously.

• Dot matrix printers generally have lower operating costs for consumables.

• They can handle continuous or multipart forms for long invoices without manual paper changes.

• Noisy printer is not a problem in a noisy environment.

Question 10

Printer: Laser printer

Reason:

• Speed: Laser printers are faster than dot matrix printers, allowing for quick printing of performance data and statistics after soccer matches.

Printer: Dot matrix printer

Reason:

• It can print large sheets, ideal for printing detailed performance data and statistics, such as player movements and match analytics, in a clear and readable format.

Question 1

• Hard drive

• Memory card

• USB flash drive

• DVD

Question 2

• DVD-ROM: Read-only memory, used for distributing software, movies, and games.

• DVD-R: Recordable once, used for storing data, videos, and backups.

• DVD-RW: Rewritable, allows multiple recordings and erasures, used for frequent data updates.

• DVD+R: Recordable once with better error management, used for data storage and video recording.

• DVD+RW: Rewritable with faster writing speeds, used for regular data backups and video recordings.

• Dual-layer DVD: Double the storage capacity of standard DVDs, used for high-definition movies and large data files.

Question 3

• Optical discs typically have lower storage capacity than fixed magnetic disks.

• Optical discs are more prone to scratches and physical damage.

• Optical discs are lightweight and easily portable.

• Optical discs have slower read/write speeds.

• Fixed magnetic disks offer much higher storage capacities, often in terabytes (TB).

• Fixed magnetic disks are more durable in regular use but susceptible to mechanical failure over time.

• Fixed magnetic disks are less portable due to larger size and weight.

• Fixed magnetic disks have faster read/write speeds, suitable for quick data access and retrieval.

Question 4

• Output

• Backing storage

• Input

• Output

Question 5

• Internal memory

• Backing storage

• Backing storage

• Backing storage

Question 6

• Pen drives generally have higher storage capacities than CD-R discs.

• Pen drives can be rewritten many times.

• CD-R discs are write-once and cannot be reused for new data.

• Pen drives are smaller and more portable.

• CD-R discs are bulkier and more fragile.

• Pen drives are more durable and less prone to physical damage.

• CD-R discs are more susceptible to scratches and damage.

• Pen drives typically have faster data transfer speeds.

Question 7

• False

• True

• True

• False

Question 8

• SSDs have faster data access speeds.

• SSDs are more durable and shock-resistant due to lack of moving parts.

• SSDs consume less power, improving battery life in laptops.

• SSDs operate silently, as they do not have spinning disks.

• SSDs generate less heat compared to HDDs.

• SSDs are generally smaller and lighter, contributing to overall laptop portability.

Question 9

• a Blu-ray disc

• ROM

• A magnetic tape.

• RAM

Question 10

• Magnetic tape

• Magnetic tape

• Blu-ray

• DVD RAM

Question 11

• RAM

• ROM

Question 12

• Pen drives are portable and easy to carry.

• Pen drives offer faster data transfer speeds.

• Pen drives are convenient and simple to use for quick backups.

Question 13

• RAM

• HDD

• ROM

• RAM

Question 14

• Magnetic

• Solid State

• Optical

• Solid State

Question 15

15a

• RAM

• Magnetic tape

• RAM

• ROM

15b

• SSDs have faster data access speeds.

• SSDs are more durable and shock-resistant due to lack of moving parts.

• SSDs consume less power, which improves battery life in laptops.

• SSDs operate silently, as they do not have spinning disks.

• SSDs generate less heat compared to HDDs.

• SSDs are generally smaller and lighter, contributing to overall laptop portability.

Question 16

• Storing data on a memory stick keeps it physically offline and less vulnerable to online security threats.

• Internet is not needed to access the data.

Question 1

1a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

1b Access Point

1c This network can be connected through Switch or Hub

1d Wi-Fi networks can be less secure and more prone to interference and signal loss.

Question 2

• An intranet is used to share information and resources within an organization securely.

• It provides a central platform for communication and collaboration among employees.

• An intranet allows for the storage and management of documents and files in one place.

• It can host internal applications and tools to streamline workflows and processes.

• An intranet enhances internal communication by providing news, updates, and announcements.

Question 3

• LAN

• WAN

• WAN

• WLAN

Question 4

4a. The branch is connected to the company's head office in Nigeria via a kind of network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN).

4b. The type of cabled network used to connect computers together in one of the offices is called a Local Area Network (LAN).

4c.

• A hub broadcasts data to all devices on the network.

• A switch sends data only to the intended recipient device.

• Hubs can cause network congestion due to unnecessary data traffic.

• Switches reduce network congestion by directing data to specific devices.

• Hubs operate at the physical layer of the OSI model.

• Switches operate at the data link layer of the OSI model.

Question 5

• Enable Bluetooth on both the tablet and the printer.

• Ensure both devices are discoverable.

• On the tablet, search for nearby Bluetooth devices.

• Select the printer from the list of available devices.

• Pair the tablet with the printer by entering a passcode if required.

• Send the document from the tablet to the printer via the Bluetooth connection.

Question 6

• Internet access can expose students to inappropriate content.

• Internet connections can be slower than intranet connections due to higher traffic.

• Internet usage may increase the risk of cybersecurity threats such as viruses.

• Internet reliability can vary, leading to possible disruptions in access.

Question 7

• The internet is a global network 

• It enables the exchange of data and communication across various devices worldwide.

• It provides access to a vast amount of information and services, including websites, email, and social media.

7b

• Intranet is a private network established within an organization.

• Intranet is more secured as only authorised users can access it.

Question 8

• Access to vast and varied information sources.

• Up-to-date and current information availability.

• Diverse perspectives from global sources.

• Multimedia resources aid in understanding.

• Opportunities for collaboration with experts.

• Cost-effective compared to traditional methods.

Question 9

• Receives data packets from connected devices.

• Analyzes destination IP address of each packet.

• Uses routing table to choose best path or interface.

• Forwards packet to next hop router or destination network.

Question 1

1a

• Saves on travel costs and expenses.

• Increases flexibility in scheduling and participation.

• Reduces environmental impact by minimizing travel.

1b

• Potential for technical issues like connectivity problems.

• Limited ability to read non-verbal cues and body language accurately.

• Reduced personal interaction and relationship-building opportunities.

Question 2

2a

• Use file permissions to restrict editing rights to specific users or groups.

•  Protect the document with a password to prevent unauthorized changes.

2b

• Router

Question 3

• Select a reliable audio conferencing service provider.

• Set a date and time for the conference call.

• Send invitations with the dial-in number and access code.

• Create and share an agenda with the participants beforehand.

• Ensure all participants have working audio equipment and a stable connection.

• Dial in at the scheduled time, follow the prompts, and begin the meeting.

Question 4

• Use a spam filter to automatically detect and block unwanted emails.

• Avoid sharing your email address publicly or on unsecured websites.

• Do not open or respond to suspicious emails, as this can confirm your address is active.

• Use a secondary email address for non-essential sign-ups and online activities.

Question 5

• Reduced bandwidth requirements, lowering the likelihood of connectivity issues.

• Less devices are needed, making it easier to set up and use with less technical support.

• More cost-effective, with lower costs for data usage and equipment.

• Lack of visual interaction, making communication less effective and personal.

• Harder to engage participants without visual elements.

• Limited presentation capabilities, making it difficult to share visual information effectively.

Question 1

• The light sensor detects the presence of a vehicle by sensing changes in light levels.

• The ADC converts the data into digital.

• The sensor sends a signal to the microcontroller when a vehicle is detected.

• The microcontroller processes this signal and sends a command to actuator to keep the barrier raised to prevent it from lowering on the vehicle.

• Once the vehicle passes and the sensor no longer detects it, the sensor sends another signal indicating the area is clear.

• The microcontroller receives this signal and sends a command to actuator to lower the barrier safely.

Question 2

• Sensors data is in analogue form

• Computer understands on digital data

• Sensors uses ADC to convert analogue data into digital.

Question 3

• Microprocessors and sensors provide precise temperature readings, reducing human error.

• They allow for continuous, real-time monitoring of temperature without constant manual checks.

• Systems can automatically adjust the temperature based on sensor data, maintaining optimal levels.

• Automated systems can quickly respond to dangerous temperature levels, preventing accidents and damage.

• Reduces the time and effort required for manual temperature checks, increasing operational efficiency.

• It can work 24/7 non-stop.

Question 4

• A water level sensor detects the water level and sends data to the microprocessor.

• The microprocessor continuously monitors the sensor data.

• When the water level reaches a predetermined threshold, the sensor sends a signal to the microprocessor.

• The microprocessor processes the signal and sends a command to actuator to raise the flood barrier.

• As the water level decreases, the sensor detects this change and updates the microprocessor.

• Once the water level falls below the safe threshold, the microprocessor sends a command to actuator to lower the flood barrier.

Question 5

• The sensors measure the user's blood pressure.

• The sensors convert this physical data into electrical signals.

• The microprocessor receives and processes the electrical signals to filter out noise.

• The microprocessor analyzes the signals to calculate blood pressure readings.

• The calculated blood pressure data is sent to the display unit for the user.

• The microprocessor stores the readings for tracking and trend analysis.

• The data can be synchronized with an app or device for long-term tracking.

Question 6

• Automation leads to reduced physical activity as people rely more on technology.

• Users become overly dependent on devices, struggling to perform tasks manually or cope without them.

Question 7

• Users have more leisure time.

• Convenience through automation saves time and effort.

• Energy efficiency optimizes use, reducing utility bills.

• Enhanced security offers real-time monitoring and alerts.

• Improved comfort via automated control of lighting, heating, and appliances.

Question 8

• The timer provides scheduled information to the microprocessor.

• The microprocessor processes the timer's input.

• Based on scheduled times, the microprocessor sends control signals to the sprinkler system.

• The microprocessor activates the sprinklers at designated times.

• It controls the duration of watering based on preset parameters or sensor data.

• This process automates daily, ensuring consistent, timed watering for ecosystem preservation.

Question 9

• Increased risk of hacking and unauthorized access to personal devices.

• Potential privacy concerns due to data collection and sharing.

• Reliance on stable internet connections for functionality.

• Higher susceptibility to technical issues and malfunctions.

• Greater complexity in setup and maintenance.

• Possible additional costs for internet services and security measures.

Question 10

• Increased reliance on automation can lead to a more sedentary lifestyle.

• Users may become overly dependent on devices, struggling to perform tasks manually when needed.

• Connected devices often collect and share data, potentially compromising user privacy.

• The use of smart devices can contribute to higher screen time, impacting mental and physical health.

• Managing and troubleshooting multiple smart devices can be time-consuming and stressful.

• The initial cost and ongoing expenses for updates, repairs, and internet services can be significant.

Question 1

• Take Regular Breaks: Schedule breaks every 30-60 minutes to stand, stretch, and move around.

• Ergonomic Setup: Adjust your chair, desk, and monitor to ensure proper posture, with the monitor at eye level and feet flat on the floor.

• Use Proper Lighting: Ensure the workspace is well-lit to reduce eye strain, and adjust monitor brightness to a comfortable level.

• Eye Care: Follow the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds.

• Exercise Routine: Incorporate regular physical exercise into your daily routine to counteract the effects of sitting.

• Comfortable Seating: Use a chair that supports your lower back and promotes good posture.

Question 2

2a

• Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) refers to a condition caused by repetitive use of mouse and keyboard for a longer time.

2b Causes of RSI include: 

• Performing the same motion repeatedly, such as typing or clicking a mouse.

• Maintaining an awkward or non-ergonomic position for extended periods.

• Engaging in continuous activity without adequate breaks or rest. 

• Applying too much force while performing tasks, like gripping or pressing.

Question 3

• Screen Brightness and Glare: Excessive brightness or glare from the computer screen can strain the eyes.

• Prolonged Focus: Staring at the screen for long periods without breaks forces the eyes to maintain focus, leading to fatigue.

• Improper Lighting: Poor lighting conditions, whether too dim or too bright, can cause eye strain by making it harder for the eyes to adjust.

3b

• Adjust your screen brightness to a comfortable level, reducing glare and excessive brightness.

• Follow the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds.

• Use appropriate lighting to avoid harsh reflections and ensure the room is neither too dark nor too bright.

• Position your screen about an arm's length away and at eye level to reduce strain.

Question 4

• Ergonomic Keyboard: Designed to reduce strain on the hands and wrists by providing a more natural typing position.

• Ergonomic Mouse: Shaped to support the hand comfortably, reducing wrist and forearm strain.

• Adjustable Chair: Provides proper back support and can be adjusted to ensure good posture while working.

Question 5

• Eye Strain: Adjust screen brightness and contrast to reduce eye strain.

• Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI): Use an ergonomic keyboard to promote a more natural typing posture.

• Back and Neck Pain: Ensure the monitor is positioned at eye level to reduce strain on the neck.

Question 6

Eye strain from reading in poor lighting.

• Possible solution: Ensure proper lighting around the monitor or use a desk lamp to illuminate the workspace adequately.

Wrist strain from using a mouse for prolonged periods.

• Possible solution: Use an ergonomic mouse pad with wrist support or switch to an ergonomic mouse that reduces strain.

Back or posture issues from sitting too long in one position.

• Possible solution: Take regular breaks to stand up, stretch, and walk around. 

Question 1

• Text messaging allows Ahmad to communicate without stopping his run.

• It is less disruptive to his workout flow compared to answering a phone call.

• Ahmad can quickly send a message and resume running.

• He can multitask by continuing his physical activity while texting.

• Texting requires less immediate attention and interaction than a phone call.

• His friend can read the message later even if he's not online.

Question 2

Benefits of Making a Phone Call:

• Allows for real-time conversation and immediate clarification.

• Your emotions can be communicated clearer compared  to text.

• Suitable for discussing complex topics or asking detailed questions.

Drawbacks of Making a Phone Call:

• Requires both parties to be available simultaneously, potentially leading to delays.

• Susceptible to background noise or interruptions, affecting the quality of communication.

• Information exchanged verbally may not be recorded or easily referenced later.

Question 3

• Text: Descriptions of products, company information, and customer support details.

• Images: High-quality photos of products, possibly including lifestyle or usage images.

• Hyperlinks: Navigation links to different pages such as product categories, About Us, and Contact.

• Animation: Animated banners or sliders showcasing featured products or promotions.

Question 4

• Reach and Accessibility: Sara can reach a larger audience globally, beyond her immediate contacts.

• 24/7 Availability: Customers can access product information and make purchases at any time, regardless of Sara's availability.

• Efficiency: Saves time compared to making individual calls; customers can independently browse products and gather information.

• Scalability: Easily expandable to accommodate more products and customer interactions as Sara's business grows.

• Cost-Effectiveness: Generally more cost-effective in the long term compared to extensive phone outreach.

• Customer Convenience: Allows customers to shop at their own pace, enhancing their overall experience and satisfaction.

Question 5

• Flyers can target specific locations or demographics effectively.

• They provide a tangible, physical presence for potential customers.

• Creating and distributing flyers is often more cost-effective.

• Flyers can attract immediate attention and interest in high-traffic areas.

Question 1

• Computer models provide accurate predictions of flood patterns.

• They are cost-effective compared to building physical prototypes.

• Models can be adjusted easily to explore different scenarios.

• Simulations allow for comprehensive risk assessment.

• They provide data-driven insights to support decision-making processes.

Question 2

• Testing different situations by adjusting variables optimizes system performance.

• Simulating material behavior informs material selection for construction.

• Virtual testing identifies design weaknesses early, reducing risks.

• Modeling provides a visual preview of the system before construction.

• Using models for testing is cost-effective compared to building prototypes.

Question 3

• Computerize system can work 24/7 non-stop.

• It can work better in this dangerous situation than risking human life.

• Computerized systems offer real-time monitoring and alerts for quicker response than human.

• It analyzes data rapidly to predict flood patterns more accurately than human.

• It can be controlled remotely which makes coordination easier.

Question 4

• Drones provide aerial views, offering a comprehensive overview of the flooding.

• They can access areas that are difficult or dangerous for humans to reach.

• Drones capture real-time footage, enabling immediate assessment and response.

• They can cover large areas quickly, providing extensive monitoring of the affected region.

• They can be connected to special software to generate reports and graphs.

• They are safer than risking human life.

Question 5

• Designers create digital 3D models using CAD software.

• The digital models are refined and optimized for design accuracy.

• Simulation tools test the models for aerodynamics and structural integrity.

• Finalized digital models are prepared for prototyping.

• 3D printers or manufacturing technologies produce physical prototypes.

Question 1

• Robots work faster and more consistently than human labor.

• Reduces labor costs and minimizes errors.

• Ensures precise and consistent production standards.

• Robots handle dangerous tasks, reducing accidents.

• Robots can work continuously without breaks.

• Easily scalable to increase production to meet demand.

Question 2

• Reduced physical labor as robots handle repetitive and strenuous tasks.

• Shift towards roles requiring technical skills for robot maintenance and programming.

• Increased focus on monitoring and supervising robotic operations.

• Improved workplace safety with fewer hazardous tasks performed by humans.

Question 3

• The timer sends a signal to the microprocessor at the scheduled start time.

• The microprocessor activates the sprinkler system through actuator based on the timer signal.

• The sprinkler system begins spraying water on the plants.

• The microprocessor continuously monitors the timer during the watering period.

• After five hours, the timer sends a stop signal to the microprocessor.

• The microprocessor deactivates the sprinkler system, stopping the water flow.

3b

• Temperature sensor

• Humidity sensor

• Light sensor

Question 4

• Robotics

• VR

• Robotics

• VR

Question 1

• Biometric scanner captures borrower's thumbprint for authentication.

• System verifies thumbprint against stored biometric data.

• Checks availability of desired book in library database.

• Verifies borrower has not exceeded the limit of six books.

• Logs transaction in database upon successful verification.

• Updates borrower's record to reflect borrowed book and reduced book count.

Question 2

• Students register online, inputting personal details and course selections.

• All information is stored centrally in a database for easy management.

• Attendance is tracked automatically using biometric scans or check-ins.

• Teachers and administrators access real-time attendance records.

• Automated alerts notify parents of absences or late arrivals.

• Comprehensive reports on attendance trends and registration data can be generated.

Question 3

• Automates tasks like attendance, grading, and scheduling, saving time.

• Reduces human errors in record-keeping and data entry.

• Centralizes information for easy retrieval and sharing among staff.

• Facilitates instant communication between teachers, students, and parents.

• Provides data analytics for better decision-making and student performance tracking.

• Supports integration with other systems for seamless operations across departments.

Question 4

Benefits:

• Enhances security by accurately verifying student identities.

• Streamlines registration with faster processing times.

• Reduces paper usage and environmental impact.

• Provides convenience with touchless interaction.

Drawbacks:

• Potential privacy concerns regarding biometric data storage.

• Initial setup costs may be high for implementing facial recognition technology.

• Technical issues such as system downtime or facial recognition failures.

Question 5

• Barcode read

• Magnetic stripe readers

• RFID

Question 1

• Monitors sales and inventory levels in real-time.

• Sets reorder points based on historical data and sales trends.

• Generates purchase orders automatically when inventory is low.

• Transmits orders electronically to suppliers.

• Coordinates delivery schedules with suppliers.

• Ensures timely inventory replenishment to optimize stock levels.

Question 2

Benefits:

• Allows booking from anywhere with internet access.

• Enables 24/7 booking convenience.

• Scales easily for larger bookings.

• Provides data insights into booking trends.

Drawbacks:

• Potential technical issues like website down time.

• User challenges or preferences for traditional methods.

• Risks related to online payment security and data privacy.

• Excludes attendees without internet access.

• Initial setup and maintenance costs.

Question 3

• Receives seat reservation request along with debit card information.

• Verifies seat availability in the database.

• Authenticates debit card details with the bank's computer for payment processing.

• Updates the database to confirm seat reservation upon successful payment.

• Sends confirmation to the patron and updates consumer information in the database.

• Completes transaction with the bank's computer, finalizing payment and booking.

Question 4

Advantages of Manual Booking Systems:

• Simple setup without needing internet or technical infrastructure.

• Personal interaction enhances customer service experience.

• Direct control over bookings allows immediate adjustments.

• Lower risk related to online payment security and data breaches.

• Potentially lower initial setup costs compared to online systems.

Disadvantages of Manual Booking Systems:

• Limited convenience with bookings restricted to operating hours and in-person.

• Higher potential for errors in manual processes like booking and record-keeping.

• Difficulty scaling to handle large volumes of bookings efficiently.

• Slower processing times compared to automated online systems.

Question 5

• Protecting against breaches and unauthorized access.

• Ensuring patient confidentiality and regulatory compliance.

• Addressing potential system failures or downtime.

• Secure methods for verifying patient identities online.

• Providing adequate guidance for staff and patients.

• Ensuring compatibility with existing medical systems.

Question 1

• Faster transaction times reduce ATM queue lengths.

• Reduced wear and tear on card readers.

• Increased convenience for users can attract more customers.

• Potential for higher initial investment in technology.

• Higher security measures required to prevent contactless fraud.

• Limited to small transaction amounts for security reasons.

Question 2

• Dial the bank's telephone banking number.

• Enter your customer number or account number.

• Enter your telephone banking PIN or password.

• Follow the automated menu to select the option for money transfer.

• Select the account to transfer money from.

• Select the account to transfer money to.

• Enter the amount to transfer.

• Confirm the transaction details.

• Receive confirmation of the successful transfer.

Question 3

• Insert the cheque into the ATM.

• ATM scans the cheque details.

• Optical Character Recognition (OCR) reads the cheque data.

• ATM verifies the account number and amount.

• Data is transmitted to the bank's central system.

• Central system validates the cheque details.

• Funds are credited to the customer's account.

• ATM provides a receipt to the customer.

• Cheque image is stored for record-keeping.

Question 4

• There's a personal interaction with bank staff.

• Immediate resolution of complex issues.

• No need for internet access.

• Time-consuming travel to the bank.

• Limited banking operating hours.

• Potential for longer wait times.

Question 5

• Lower operational costs without physical branches.

• Wider reach to customers globally.

• 24/7 availability for customer convenience.

• Increased cybersecurity risks.

• Less personal interaction with customers.

• Higher initial investment in technology and security.

Question 1

• Increased accuracy in medication dispensing.

• Reduced human error in packaging and administration.

• Faster processing and delivery times.

• High initial cost for purchasing and installing robots.

• Maintenance and technical support required.

• Potential job losses for existing staff.

Question 2

• Records can be sorted more easily

• Doctors can find records more quickly

• Takes up less filing space

Question 3

• Continuous real-time monitoring.

• Immediate detection of critical changes.

• Automatic data recording and storage.

• Reduction in human error.

• Allows nurses to focus on patient care.

Question 4

• Potential technical failures.

• High initial and maintenance costs.

• Lack of personal interaction and assessment.

Question 5

• Doctors enter symptoms and patient data into the expert system using user interface.

• The system uses the inference with the rule base to compares this data against its knowledge base of diseases and symptoms.

• It applies logical rules and algorithms to analyze the entered information.

• Based on the analysis, the system suggests possible illness solutions and display on the screen.

Question 1

• Knowledge base

• Inference engine

• Rule base

• User interface

Question 2

1a

• Knowledge base

• Inference engine

• User interface

1b

• Doctors enter symptoms and patient data into the expert system using user interface.

• The questions are yes/no formats.

• One question/answer leads to another.

• The system uses the inference with the rule base to compares this data against its knowledge base of diseases and symptoms.

• It applies logical rules and algorithms to analyze the entered information.

• Based on the analysis, the system suggests possible illness solutions and display on the screen.

Question 3

• Diagnosing medical conditions

• Financial advising and investment planning

• Troubleshooting technical problems

• Personalized recommendation systems (e.g., for movies or products)

• Controlling industrial processes

Question 4

Benefits:

• Consistent and objective analysis of symptoms.

• Access to extensive medical knowledge and databases.

• Can handle complex data and provide rapid diagnosis.

• Reduces human error in diagnosis.

Drawbacks:

• Dependence on accurate input data and quality of knowledge base.

• May lack empathy and human intuition in diagnosis.

• Limited in handling rare or unusual cases not covered in the knowledge base.

• Requires continuous updates and maintenance of the knowledge base.

Question 5

• Doctors input patient symptoms and medical history into the expert system.

• The system compares this data against its knowledge base of diseases and symptoms.

• Using logical rules and algorithms, the system analyzes the input data.

• It generates a list of possible illnesses or conditions that match the symptoms.

• The system ranks these diagnoses based on likelihood and provides recommendations for further tests or treatments.

Question 1

• Andriel taps his contactless debit card on the restaurant's payment terminal.

• The terminal reads the card's information via NFC (Near Field Communication).

• Data including card details and transaction amount is transmitted to the merchant's acquiring bank.

• The acquiring bank forwards the transaction request to the card issuer (Andriel's bank).

• The card issuer verifies the transaction details and checks for available funds.

• If approved, the issuer sends an authorization code to the acquiring bank.

• The acquiring bank sends this code to the terminal, completing the transaction.

• Andriel receives a confirmation of payment from the terminal.

Question 2

Advantages of using a contactless card system:

• Convenient and quick transactions, reducing waiting times.

• Enhanced security compared to carrying cash.

• Ease of tracking transactions for both patients and hospital.

• Reduced risk of theft or loss compared to cash.

Disadvantages of using a contactless card system:

• Requires infrastructure investment (card readers, systems).

• Potential for technical issues with card readers or network connectivity.

• Dependence on patients having access to and familiarity with contactless technology.

• Transaction fees may apply, impacting cost compared to cash transactions.

Question 3

• Producing the payroll

• Paying for goods using EFTPOS

Question 4

Benefits of Internet shopping:

• Convenience of shopping anytime and anywhere.

• Wide variety of products and competitive prices.

• Access to customer reviews and product comparisons.

• Savings on travel time and expenses.

Drawbacks of Internet shopping:

• Inability to physically inspect products before purchase.

• Potential for shipping delays or issues.

• Security concerns with online payments and personal information.

• Lack of immediate customer service and support compared to in-store assistance.

Question 5

• The system deduct sold quantity from stock file in POS system.

• The system updates stock file in database or file system.

• It checks if remaining quantity falls below reorder point.

• Then, it generates reorder request if necessary.

• It includes product details and supplier information in request.

• It sends request to purchasing department or supplier.

Question 1

• RFID chips allow for quick and accurate identification of medication packets.

• They can store more detailed information than barcodes, such as expiration dates and batch numbers.

• RFID technology enables simultaneous scanning of multiple packets, improving efficiency.

• RFID chips are more durable than barcodes and less prone to damage or wear.

• They support real-time tracking of medication inventory and usage, enhancing inventory management.

Question 2

• The RFID reader emits radio waves towards the clothing item.

• The RFID chip in the clothing receives these radio waves.

• The chip in the cloth transmits stored data back to the RFID reader.

• The reader captures the transmitted data, which may include information about the clothing item's fabric type, washing instructions, and any special care requirements.

• This data is then processed by the washing machine to adjust its washing cycle settings accordingly, ensuring proper care for the clothing item.

Question 3

• Cameras capture images of passing vehicles' number plates.

• Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software extracts alphanumeric characters from the images.

• Extracted number plate data is matched against a database of registered vehicles.

• System debits the corresponding account or payment method for the toll fee.

• Barrier or gate is raised for the vehicle to proceed.

Question 4

• RFID reader emits radio waves to activate the passive RFID tag.

• Radio waves provide energy for tag activation.

• Activated tag reflects back its unique identification number.

• Reader captures and decodes the tag's signal.

• Computer identifies the specific goat and controls feeding system accordingly.

Question 5

• Speed camera detects Ahmad's vehicle passing by.

• Camera captures images or records video of Ahmad's vehicle.

• Camera measures Ahmad's vehicle speed using radar or laser technology.

• If Ahmad's speed exceeds the preset limit, the camera records this violation.

• Recorded data includes timestamp, vehicle speed, and image/video evidence.

• Authorities use this data to issue a speeding ticket or penalty to Ahmad.

Question 1

Inputs:

• User-entered destination address or coordinates.

• Real-time GPS signals indicating current location.

• Traffic information received via data connection.

Processing:

• Satnav calculates the optimal route based on current location and destination.

• It considers factors like traffic conditions, road closures, and speed limits.

• Continuously updates the route based on real-time GPS data and traffic updates.

Outputs:

• Displays the calculated route on a map interface.

• Provides spoken turn-by-turn directions to guide the driver.

• Alerts the driver to upcoming turns, exits, and traffic incidents.

• Estimates time of arrival (ETA) based on current route and traffic conditions are displayed.

Question 2

• Players wear GPS tracking devices and wearable electronics during matches.

• GPS devices track player movements, distances, and speeds.

• Wearable electronics monitor heart rate, acceleration, and other metrics.

• Data is collected wirelessly and sent to a central computer system.

• Computer analyzes GPS data for player positions and performance metrics.

• Physiological data from wearables is processed to assess player fitness and exertion.

• Findings are displayed on a pitch-side monitor in real-time.

• Coaches use data to adjust training, tactics, and improve player performance.

• Historical data allows for longitudinal analysis and progress tracking.

Question 3

• Smartphone receives signals from GPS satellites orbiting Earth.

• GPS receiver in smartphone calculates distances to multiple satellites using signal travel time.

• These distances, along with satellite positions and time information, are used to triangulate the smartphone's exact position.

• The calculated position is displayed on a map interface, showing latitude, longitude, and sometimes altitude.

• Continuous updates from satellites ensure real-time accuracy in determining the smartphone's location.

Question 4

• The smartwatch's GPS receiver detects signals from multiple GPS satellites.

• It calculates the distance to each satellite based on signal travel time.

• Using the known positions of these satellites and their distances, the smartwatch triangulates its own position.

• The calculated position (latitude and longitude) is displayed on the watch's screen.

• The watch continuously updates its position using signals from satellites to maintain accurate location information.

Question 5

• GIS collects data from satellite imagery, city maps, demographics, and infrastructure.

• Software integrates and analyzes data to create urban maps.

• Urban planners visualize land use, traffic, and environmental patterns.

• GIS guides decisions on zoning, transportation, and resource allocation for urban development.

Question 1

• Interviewing the new system's users: Evaluation

• Interviewing the current system's users: Analysis

• Arranging the procedures for validation: Design

• Looking over the documentation currently in place: Analysis

Question 2

Method 1: Interviews with Current System Users

• Advantage: Provides detailed, first-hand insights and user-specific issues.

Method 2: Questionnaires and Surveys

• Advantage: Allows for collecting data from a large number of users efficiently and anonymously.

Method 3: Reviewing Existing Documentation

• Advantage: Offers a comprehensive understanding of the current system’s processes and procedures without user bias.

Question 3

Method 1: Interviews with Current System Users

• Advantage: Provides in-depth, qualitative insights into user experiences and system issues.

• Disadvantage: Time-consuming and may result in biased responses based on individual perspectives.

Method 2: Reviewing Existing Documentation

• Advantage: Offers a thorough understanding of the system’s processes and historical changes.

• Disadvantage: May be outdated or incomplete, leading to gaps in understanding the current system.

Question 4

• Identifies existing system strengths and weaknesses.

• Ensures new system addresses current issues and requirements.

• Reduces the risk of costly errors and rework.

• Provides a clear understanding of user needs and expectations.

• Facilitates smoother transition and user acceptance of the new system.

4b

Office workers

• Method: Questionnaires

• Reason: Allows busy office staff to provide detailed responses at their convenience without interrupting their workflow.

Delivery drivers

• Method: Interviews

• Reason: Face-to-face interaction captures real-time experiences and insights from drivers who rarely return to the office, ensuring accurate and current information.

Question 5

Benefits of Staff Interviews:

• Allows for in-depth, detailed responses.

• Enables clarification and follow-up questions.

• Builds rapport and trust with staff.

• Can uncover insights not anticipated in pre-formulated questions.

Drawbacks of Staff Interviews:

• Time-consuming to conduct and analyze.

• Can be influenced by interviewer bias.

• May not be feasible with large numbers of staff.

• Responses can be influenced by the presence of the interviewer.

Benefits of Questionnaires:

• Efficient for collecting data from a large number of people.

• Allows respondents to answer at their convenience.

• Can ensure anonymity, encouraging honesty.

• Easier to analyze quantitative data.

Drawbacks of Questionnaires:

• Limited to predefined questions, missing nuanced insights.

• Low response rates can skew results.

• No opportunity for immediate clarification of responses.

• Risk of misinterpretation of questions by respondents.

Question 1

• Length Check

• Range Check

• Type Check

• Format Check

Question 2

• Evaluation

• Implementation

• Evaluation

• Design

Question 3

• Data capture forms.

• Report layouts.

• Validation routines.

• File structure.

Question 4

• Investigate the current system: Analysis

• Applying a range check: Validation

• Determining if a field is not empty: Validation

• Running new and old system at the same time: Implementation

Question 5

Range Check:

• Description: Ensures that a value falls within a specified range of values.

• Example: Validating that a user-entered age is between 18 and 100 years.

Format Check:

• Description: Verifies that data conforms to a specific format or pattern.

• Example: Validating that a phone number is entered in the format "(123) 456-7890".

Presence Check:

• Description: Ensures that a required field or data element is not left empty.

• Example: Requiring users to enter their email address before submitting a form.

Type Check:

• Description: Validates that data is of the correct type (e.g., numeric, alphabetic, alphanumeric).

• Example: Ensuring that a user-entered postal code consists of numeric digits.

Consistency Check:

• Description: Verifies that data is consistent with other related data.

• Example: Checking that a start date is earlier than an end date in a date range.

Question 1

• Abnormal data

• Extreme data

• Normal data

• Live data

Question 2

• User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Involves real users testing the system to ensure it meets requirements.

• Integration Testing: Checks interactions between system modules to prevent data flow errors.

• Performance Testing: Verifies system can handle peak loads without issues affecting invoice accuracy.

• Regression Testing: Ensures new updates or changes haven't introduced unintended invoice calculation errors.

Question 3

• Live data refers to real, current data used or generated in a system.

• It contrasts with simulated or fabricated test data.

• It is a data in which result is already known.

Question 4

(a) Normal Test Data:

• Description: Data that falls within range of acceptability.

• 350 is an example of normal data

(b) Abnormal Test Data:

• Description: Data that falls outside the range of acceptability.

• 405 is an example of abnormal data

(c) Extreme Test Data:

• Description: Data at the boundaries of acceptability.

• 1 and 400 are examples of extreme data

Question 5

• Unit Testing: Each individual component or module of the system is tested separately to ensure it functions correctly.

• Integration Testing: The interactions between combined modules are tested to verify that they work together seamlessly.

• System Testing: The entire system is tested as a whole to ensure that all components work together properly and the system meets the required specifications.

• User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Real users test the system to ensure it meets their needs and expectations in real-world scenarios.

• Final Review and Validation: The system undergoes a final check to ensure all requirements are met and it is ready for deployment.

Question 1

Name: Direct Changeover

• Description: The old system is completely replaced by the new system in one go. This is quick but risky because there is no fallback if the new system fails.

Name: Parallel Running

• Description: Both the old and new systems run simultaneously for a period. This is safer as it allows for comparison and fallback but is resource-intensive and costly.

Name: Phased Implementation

• Description: The new system is introduced in stages or modules. This reduces risk by allowing issues to be addressed gradually but can be complex to manage and coordinate.

Question 2

• Parallel running

• Pilot running

• Direct changeover

• Direct changeover

Question 3

Direct Changeover:

• Description: The old system is immediately and completely replaced by the new system in a single step.

• Situation: Used when the new system is critical, and the organization can afford minimal downtime, like in a small business with simple operations or in urgent scenarios.

Parallel Running:

• Description: Both the old and new systems operate simultaneously for a set period until the new system is proven to be reliable.

• Situation: Ideal for large organizations where system reliability is crucial and the risks of new system failure need to be mitigated, like in banks or hospitals.

Phased Implementation:

• Description: The new system is implemented in stages, with parts of the new system gradually replacing parts of the old system.

• Situation: Suitable for complex systems where introducing changes in manageable segments reduces risk, such as in large enterprises with multiple departments or systems.

Question 4

Pilot implementation: New system is tested in a small part of the organization first.

• Advantages: Identifies issues in a controlled environment, allows real-world testing, minimizes overall impact.

• Disadvantages: Limited scope may not reveal all issues, may require duplicated effort.

• Best for: Organizations wanting thorough testing before full implementation.

Phased implementation: New system is implemented in stages across the organization.

• Advantages: Reduces risk with incremental changes, allows for adjustments, minimizes disruption.

• Disadvantages: Complex to manage, may prolong transition, requires careful planning.

• Best for: Large organizations with complex systems needing a gradual transition.

• Similarities: Both reduce risk and disruption, allow real-world testing and adjustments.

• Differences: Pilot focuses on a specific area, phased involves gradual rollout; pilot may be quicker for test area, phased is typically longer overall.

Question 5

• Immediate changeover minimizes production downtime, ensuring continuous toy manufacturing.

• Reduces the risk of miscommunication and errors, as the new system is implemented all at once.

• Increases overall efficiency by swiftly transitioning to the computerized system.

• Limits disruption for delivery drivers, who already have demanding schedules.

• Streamlines the process of generating and handling invoices, reducing the workload on the finance department.

• Ensures that all employees adapt to the new system simultaneously, promoting consistency.

• Facilitates faster detection and resolution of any issues with the new system.

• Helps maintain customer satisfaction by avoiding delays in order fulfillment.

Question 6

Parallel running: Both old and new systems operate simultaneously for a period.

• Ensures reliability: Confirms new system works correctly by comparing outputs with the old system.

• Minimizes risk: Allows for fallback if new system encounters issues.

• Direct changeover: Old system is completely replaced by new system in one go.

Immediate benefits: Organization can quickly benefit from new system's advantages.

• Cost efficiency: Reduces costs by avoiding extended operation of both systems.

• Informed decision: Management gains confidence from parallel running that new system is reliable.

• Seamless transition: Direct changeover minimizes transition period and complexity.

• Operational readiness: Ensures staff are familiar with new system before full implementation.

Question 1

• System flowchart: Technical

• How to save a document: User

• List of variables: Technical

• The purpose of the system: Both

Question 2

• Helps understand the system's design and architecture.

• Provides details about the system's code and functionality.

• Assists developers in troubleshooting issues.

• Aids in making updates and modifications.

• Ensures the system operates efficiently.

2b

• System flowcharts

• Source code

• Database schemas

• List of variables

Question 3

• User documentation must provide clear instructions on how to use the system, including step-by-step guides, troubleshooting tips, and FAQs.

• It should be written in simple, non-technical language that is easy for users to understand.

• Visual aids such as screenshots and diagrams should be included to help explain the processes.

• It needs to cover all functions and features of the system comprehensively.

b. 

• User documentation is needed to help users understand how to operate the system, enabling them to perform tasks effectively and efficiently. 

• It reduces the need for support, improves user satisfaction, and ensures users can fully utilize the system's capabilities.

Question 4

• Purpose of the system: Both

• Program listing: Technical documentation

• Input format: Both

• Error messages: User

• Hardware requirements: Both

Question 5

• Source code

• System architecture diagrams

• Database schemas

Question 1

• User Feedback: Collecting input from end-users through surveys, interviews, or focus groups to assess system performance, usability, and satisfaction.

• Performance Metrics: Analyzing system performance data, such as response times, error rates, and system uptime, to determine if the system meets the required benchmarks and goals.

Question 2

• Compare the completed solution to the initial specifications. ✔️

• Verify the user manual to make sure it is accurate. ✔️

• Users will be questioned to learn more about how effectively the new system functions. ✔️

Question 3

• Contrasting the results with the initial job specifications: Evaluation

• Switching to the new system: Implementation

• Determining the system's shortcomings and what has to be improved: Evaluation

• Choosing validation procedures: Design

Question 1

• Electrocution from touching bare wires

• Fire from electric sockets overloading

• Injury caused by tripping over cables

Question 2

• Electric shocks: Caused by faulty wiring or damaged equipment.

• Tripping hazards: Due to loose cables and wires on the floor.

• Fire hazards: Resulting from overheated equipment or overloaded power outlets.

• Equipment falling: From unstable or improperly mounted hardware.

Question 3

• Overloading sockets causing fire: Safety

• Tripping over loose wires: Safety

• Falling of heavy device causing injury: Safety

• Clicking a mouse continuously: Health

Question 4

Ergonomic Chair and Desk

• Advantages: Reduces back pain and improves posture.

• Disadvantages: Can be expensive and requires space.

Proper Lighting

• Advantages: Reduces eye strain and headaches.

• Disadvantages: May require additional equipment like lamps or adjusting room lighting.

Regular Breaks

• Advantages: Prevents RSI and eye strain, reduces fatigue.

• Disadvantages: Can interrupt workflow and reduce productivity.

Cable Management

• Advantages: Prevents tripping hazards and keeps workspace tidy.

• Disadvantages: Requires effort to organize and maintain, may need additional tools or accessories.

Screen Filters or Anti-Glare Screens

• Advantages: Reduces glare and eye strain.

• Disadvantages: May slightly reduce screen clarity, additional cost.

Wrist Rests and Ergonomic Keyboard/Mouse

• Advantages: Prevents RSI and carpal tunnel syndrome.

• Disadvantages: Initial cost and may take time to adjust to new equipment.

Question 5

• Fire: it can be minimized by providing proper air ventilation for the device.

• Overloading socket: it can be minimized by using power strips with surge protectors and not plugging too many devices into one outlet.

• Tripping over cable: it can be minimized by tucking in the cable in cable management systems or securing them to the floor.

• Spilling drink: it can be minimized by keeping drinks away from the computer and using spill-proof containers.

Question 1

1a

• Use strong, unique passwords for your email account to prevent unauthorized access.

• Enable two-factor authentication for an additional layer of security.

• Avoid opening emails or attachments from unknown or suspicious sources to prevent malware infections.

• Regularly update your email software and antivirus programs to protect against security vulnerabilities.

• Do not click on links in emails from unknown senders to avoid phishing attacks.

• Use encryption for sensitive information to ensure data privacy.

• Log out of your email account when using public or shared computers to prevent unauthorized access.

• Be cautious of sharing personal information over email to avoid identity theft.

1b

• Full name

• Home address

• Social Security number

1c

• Use strong, unique passwords for online accounts.

• Enable two-factor authentication for added security.

• Avoid sharing personal information on public forums or social media.

• Be cautious of phishing emails and suspicious links.

• Use secure websites (https) for transactions and personal information.

• Regularly update software and antivirus programs.

• Adjust privacy settings on social media and other online accounts.

Question 2

• Strategy 1: Use privacy settings to control who can see your posts and profile information. 

Reason 1: Limits access to personal data, ensuring only trusted contacts can view it.

• Strategy 2: Avoid sharing sensitive information like home address, phone number, or financial details. 

Reason 2: Prevents identity theft and unauthorized use of personal data.

• Strategy 3: Be cautious about accepting friend requests or connections from people you don’t know. 

Reason 3: Reduces the risk of interacting with malicious individuals who may misuse your information.

Question 3

• Use strong, unique passwords for gaming accounts to prevent unauthorized access.

• Enable two-factor authentication for an additional layer of security.

• Keep personal information, like real name and age, private to avoid revealing identity.

• Play games on reputable platforms to ensure a secure environment.

• Report and block any suspicious or inappropriate behavior from other players.

• Regularly update the gaming software and devices to protect against vulnerabilities.

• Use parental controls to monitor and restrict gameplay, ensuring age-appropriate content.

• Avoid clicking on unknown links or downloading files from untrusted sources to prevent malware infections.

Question 4

Benefits of subscribing to an online game platform:

• Access to a wide variety of games without needing to purchase each individually.

• Convenient storage of games without physical discs or cartridges.

• Potential cost savings compared to buying multiple individual games.

• Regular updates and new content releases for subscribed games.

Drawbacks of subscribing to an online game platform:

• Dependence on a stable internet connection for accessing and playing games.

• Ongoing subscription costs that accumulate over time.

• Lack of ownership of games; access to games may be lost if subscription ends.

• Limited ability to play games offline, depending on platform and game requirements.

Question 5

• Use strong, unique passwords for each social media account.

• Enable two-factor authentication for added security.

• Adjust privacy settings to control who can see your posts and personal information.

• Avoid sharing sensitive personal details like address, phone number, or financial information.

• Be cautious about accepting friend requests or connections from unknown individuals.

• Regularly review and update privacy settings and account information.

• Report and block suspicious or inappropriate behavior from other users.

• Avoid clicking on unknown links or downloading files from untrusted sources.

• Educate yourself on common scams and phishing tactics to recognize and avoid them.

• Limit the amount of personal information shared publicly to protect privacy.

Question 1

• Encryption converts data into a coded format.

• It prevents unauthorized access to sensitive information.

• It protects data during storage or transmission.

• It makes data unreadable without the decryption key.

1b

• Using strong, unique passwords.

Question 2

2a

• The virus can delete important files on the hard disk.

• It can corrupt data, making files unusable.

• It can slow down the computer's performance.

• It can steal personal information stored on the hard disk.

• It can allow remote access to the computer by hackers.

2b

• Opening an infected email attachment.

• Clicking on malicious links in emails or websites.

• Using infected USB drives or other external devices.

• Downloading and installing software from untrusted sources.

• Visiting compromised or malicious websites.

2c

• The antivirus software checks all files on the computer against a database of known viruses.

• It examines files for suspicious behavior or code patterns.

• It scans the system memory and running processes for malicious activity.

• It isolates and quarantines any detected viruses.

• It prompts the user to delete or repair infected files.

Question 3

• Antivirus software detects and removes known malware but may miss new threats.

• Firewalls block unauthorized access but can be bypassed by sophisticated attacks.

• Regular software updates patch security vulnerabilities but require user diligence.

• Strong passwords prevent unauthorized access but can be compromised without two-factor authentication.

• Two-factor authentication adds security but can be inconvenient and not universally supported.

• Avoiding suspicious links and downloads reduces malware risk but needs user awareness.

• Data encryption protects sensitive information but doesn't prevent malware installation or system access.

Question 4

4a

• Hacking: Unauthorized access to computer systems or networks.

• Damage: Can cause data breaches, theft of sensitive information, financial losses, and operational disruption.

• Prevention: Use strong passwords and two-factor authentication.

• Regularly update software and systems.

• Install firewalls and antivirus software.

• Conduct regular security audits.

• Train employees in cybersecurity best practices.

• Monitor network activity for suspicious behavior.

4b

Key-logging software works by:

• Recording keystrokes made by users on a computer.

• Capturing and logging these keystrokes in a hidden file or transmitting them to a remote server.

• Compiling the recorded keystrokes into readable format, potentially revealing passwords, usernames, and other sensitive information entered by the user.

Question 5

• Using a password always prevents unauthorized access to data: False

• A weak password is the one that’s difficult for a hacker to guess: False

• You can give your password to friends in case you forget it: False

• A strong password should be a minimum of 8 characters and mixtures of numbers and letters: True

Question 6

Phishing: Involves fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information (like passwords, credit card numbers) by disguising as a trustworthy entity in electronic communication (typically emails or fake websites).

• Vishing (Voice Phishing): Uses phone calls or VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) to deceive individuals into divulging personal information.

• Smishing (SMS Phishing): Uses SMS or text messages to trick users into revealing sensitive information or downloading malicious software onto their mobile device.

• Pharming: Involves redirecting users from legitimate websites to fraudulent ones without their knowledge, often through DNS (Domain Name System) hijacking or malware.

Question 7

7a

• Using his name as the password makes it easy for others to guess.

• It lacks complexity and is susceptible to brute-force attacks.

7b

• Avoid using easily guessable information such as names, birthdays, or common words.

• Use a mix of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters to create a strong password.

• Change passwords regularly to enhance security.

• Enable two-factor authentication wherever possible for added security.

Question 8

8a

• Biometric authentication: Uses unique biological features such as fingerprints, retina scans, or facial recognition to verify identity.

• Smart cards or tokens: Physical devices that store authentication data and generate one-time passwords (OTPs) or cryptographic keys.

• Certificate-based authentication: Uses digital certificates issued by a trusted third party to authenticate users or devices, ensuring secure access to systems or networks.

8b

• Purpose limitation: Data should only be collected for specific, legitimate purposes.

• Data minimization: Collect only the necessary and relevant data.

• Accuracy: Ensure personal data is accurate and up to date.

• Storage limitation: Store data only as long as necessary for its intended purpose.

Question 9

9a

• Minimum length: Require passwords to be of a minimum length, typically 8 characters or more.

• Complexity: Require passwords to include a mix of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters.

• No common words or patterns: Prohibit the use of easily guessable passwords, such as dictionary words, sequential characters (e.g., "123456"), or repeated characters.

9b

• The password "Edubbey2024@#" includes uppercase and lowercase letters, making it more complex.

• It contains numbers, which adds another layer of complexity.

• Special characters (@ and #) are included, making it harder to guess.

• The length of the password is 13 characters, which is sufficiently long for security.

• The password doesn't use easily guessable words or simple patterns.

Question 10

• A digital certificate proves ownership of a public key.

• It includes information about the key and its owner's identity.

• It contains the digital signature of a verifying entity.

• It ensures secure internet communication by encrypting data and verifying identities.

Question 1

• Presentations must match the audience's knowledge level to ensure understanding (e.g., technical jargon for experts, simple terms for general public).

• Visual aids should be appropriate for the audience's expectations (e.g., detailed graphs for analysts, images and short bullet points for general audience).

• The presentation's length and depth should align with the audience's interest and time constraints (e.g., brief overviews for busy executives, in-depth sessions for interested participants).

• Interactive elements like Q&A should consider the audience's willingness to engage (e.g., open forums for engaged groups, fewer interactions for passive audiences).

Question 2

2a

• Software copyright refers to the legal protection granted to the creators of original software, giving them exclusive rights to use, distribute, and modify their software.

• It prevents unauthorized copying, distribution, and use of the software without the owner's permission.

• Copyright ensures that creators can benefit financially from their work by controlling how it is used and sold.

2b

• Use license keys to activate software.

• Implement digital rights management (DRM) systems.

• Require online activation and verification.

• Offer software as a service (SaaS) with subscription models.

• Use hardware dongles for software access.

Question 3

• Ensures creators receive recognition and compensation for their work.

• Prevents unauthorized use and distribution of images.

• Protects the economic interests of creators and businesses.

• Encourages the creation of new, original content.

• Helps maintain the integrity and quality of creative works.

Question 4

• Use bright and engaging colors to capture attention.

• Include large, easy-to-read fonts for better visibility.

• Incorporate simple language and short sentences for comprehension.

• Add interactive elements like animations and sounds to maintain interest.

• Use familiar and relatable images or characters to connect with the audience.

• Keep slides minimalistic and avoid clutter to avoid overwhelming students.

• Ensure content is age-appropriate and relevant to their level of understanding.

• Include repetitive elements to reinforce learning.

Question 5

5a

• Conduct surveys with parents, teachers, and students to understand their interests and expectations.

• Hold focus group discussions with a sample of the target audience to gather detailed feedback on their preferences.

5b

• Use clear and simple language to ensure all parents understand the content.

• Include visuals such as photos and videos of student activities and achievements.

• Use graphs and charts to present statistical information about the school's performance.

• Incorporate positive testimonials and quotes from students and teachers.

• Ensure the presentation is well-structured with a logical flow of information.

Question 1

• Spam email refers to unsolicited and often unwanted messages.

• These emails can include advertisements, promotions, phishing attempts, or other content that the recipient did not request or authorize. 

• The primary aim of spam emails is to reach as many people as possible to promote products, services, or fraudulent schemes, often without the recipient's consent.

Question 2

• Spam emails contain phishing attempts and scams, posing risks of identity theft and financial fraud.

• Dealing with spam consumes time and lowers productivity in managing legitimate communications.

• Spam utilizes network resources and storage, impacting email server efficiency and performance.

• Malware and malicious links in spam emails can compromise system security and data integrity.

• Spam often violates privacy by unauthorized use of email addresses, necessitating protection of personal information.

• Effective spam prevention improves overall email service reliability and user experience.

Question 3

• Use spam filters provided by email services.

• Avoid sharing your email address publicly.

• Do not click on links or download attachments from unknown emails.

• Use a secondary email for signing up on websites.

• Unsubscribe from unwanted newsletters and marketing emails.

• Report spam emails to your email provider.

• Keep your email account secure with a strong password.

• Enable two-factor authentication for your email account.

Question 4

• Allows for interactive discussions among students.

• Encourages peer-to-peer learning and support.

• Facilitates quick responses and multiple perspectives.

• Enables organization of topics into different threads.

• Students can ask questions and receive answers from various contributors.

• Promotes a sense of community and collaboration.

• Can be moderated to ensure relevant and respectful content.

• Archives discussions for future reference.

Question 5

5a

• Use a clear and concise subject line to indicate the purpose of the email.

• Address the recipient with a proper greeting and close with a polite sign-off.

• Avoid using all caps, as it can be interpreted as shouting.

5b

• Check the credibility of the website and the author.

• Verify the publication date to ensure the information is current.

• Cross-check the information with multiple reliable sources.

• Look for citations and references supporting the information.

• Assess the website's domain, preferring .edu, .gov, or reputable organizations.

• Consider the author's expertise and qualifications on the subject.

• Read reviews or comments about the source for additional insights.

Question 6

6a

• Ensures the authenticity of the sender.

• Provides a secure way to send and receive encrypted messages.

• Prevents email tampering by verifying the integrity of the message.

• Contains the sender's public key for encryption.

• Includes the sender's digital signature for verification.

• Contains information about the certificate issuer.

• Includes the certificate's expiration date.

• Provides the certificate holder's identification details.

6b

• Online shopping.

• Accessing educational resources and courses.

• Streaming movies, music, and videos.

• Conducting online banking and financial transactions.

Question 7

• Search results may include irrelevant or misleading information.

• Results can be influenced by paid advertisements.

• Requires time to sift through multiple sources for accurate information.

• Can lead to unsecured or malicious websites.

• Search engines may not have access to certain restricted or specialized content.

• Information overload can make it difficult to find specific details.

Question 8

• Check the author’s credentials and expertise on the subject.

• Verify the publication date to ensure the information is up-to-date.

• Cross-reference the information with multiple reputable sources.

• Evaluate the domain of the website, preferring .edu, .gov, or established organizations.

• Look for citations and references that support the information.

• Assess the quality and professionalism of the website's design and content.

• Read user reviews or feedback about the source if available.

Question 9

Benefits of using local library historical records:

• Access to primary sources and original documents.

• Availability of rare and unique records not digitized.

• Assistance from knowledgeable librarians.

• Physical inspection of documents for authenticity.

Drawbacks of using local library historical records:

• Limited hours of operation.

• Potential difficulty in locating specific records.

• Physical wear and tear of documents may limit accessibility.

• Limited search capabilities compared to online databases.

Benefits of using online historical records:

• Convenient access from anywhere at any time.

• Advanced search features for quick information retrieval.

• Access to a wide range of global records and databases.

• Digital copies are preserved and not subject to physical damage.

Drawbacks of using online historical records:

• Potential for encountering inaccurate or incomplete information.

• Subscription fees or paywalls for accessing certain databases.

• Limited availability of some local or unique records.

• Need to verify the credibility of online sources.

Question 10

• Social media offers real-time interaction and informal communication.

• Allows for public or semi-public engagement, enabling broader reach.

• Supports multimedia content sharing, like photos and videos.

• Facilitates quick responses and instant feedback.

• Can lead to information overload and lacks privacy and security.

• Risk of misinformation and less control over the audience.

• Email provides a formal and structured communication format.

• Allows for detailed and documented exchanges.

• Generally more secure and private.

• Better control over recipients and ability to manage messages.

• May lack immediacy and interactive features of social media.

• Responses might be slower and can be prone to spam.

• Requires careful management of inbox clutter.

Question 11

• An email can be used to send a message to many people at the same time. ✓

• Attachments may have to be compressed to be sent via email. ✓

• Emails can be used to send legal documents. ✓

• In order to send an email back to the sender without retyping the address, reply is used. ✓

Question 12

Cc (Carbon Copy)

• Used to send a copy of the email to additional recipients other than the main recipient.

• All recipients, including those in the "To" field, can see who else received the email.

Bcc (Blind Carbon Copy)

• Used to send a copy of the email to additional recipients without revealing their email addresses to others.

• Recipients in the "To" and "Cc" fields cannot see who was included in the "Bcc" field.