Question 1

• PDF maintains the document's layout and appearance across different devices.

• PDF is often used for final, read-only documents.

• RTF is a text file format that can be opened and edited by various word processors.

• RTF supports basic text formatting but might not preserve advanced formatting features consistently across different programs.

• PDFs are more secure and can be password-protected.

• RTF files are more flexible for editing but less secure.

• PDFs are generally larger in size compared to RTF files.

Question 2

• .css

• .rar

• .gif

• .csv

Question 3

.txt

• Plain text file format.

• Contains unformatted text.

• Can be opened and edited with any text editor.

• Does not support text formatting like bold or italics.

.rtf

• Rich Text Format.

• Supports basic text formatting like bold, italics, and different fonts.

• Can include images and tables.

• Compatible with many word processors, providing more editing options than .txt.

Question 4

a) Gloria_Bicycles_Database

b) S:\IGCSE\ICT\Gloria_Bicycles_Database

c) Gloria should compress the database file using a file compression tool like WinRAR or 7-Zip.

d)

• Reducing the file size makes it easier to send via email, as email services often have file size limits.

• Smaller file sizes upload and download faster, making the process more efficient and less time-consuming.

Question 5

• .txt: A plain text file that can be opened and edited by any text editor or word processor, regardless of the operating system.

• .pdf: A portable document format that preserves the layout and formatting of a document, and can be viewed on any device with a PDF reader, ensuring consistent appearance across different platforms.

Question 6

Benefits of JPG format:

• Smaller file size due to lossy compression.

• Wide compatibility with image viewing and editing software.

• Good for photographs with many colors and gradients.

Drawbacks of JPG format:

• Lossy compression causes quality degradation over time.

• Less detail and clarity, not ideal for sharp edges or text.

• Limited transparency support, unsuitable for graphic design needs requiring transparency.

Question 1

• Cropping

• Resize

• Text wrap

• Rotate

Question 2

• Open the image in an image editing software.

• Select the resize tool or option from the menu.

• Enter the new dimensions (height and width) for the image.

• Ensure the aspect ratio is maintained if needed.

• Apply the changes to resize the image.

• Save the resized image.

2b

• Cropping

2c

• Compress the document using a file compression tool (e.g., WinRAR, 7-Zip).

• Open the file compression tool and select the document.

• Choose the "Add to archive" or "Compress" option.

• Select a compression format (e.g., .zip or .rar).

• Start the compression process to create a compressed file.

• Attach the compressed file to the email and send it.

Question 3

• Open the image in an image editing software.

• Select the resize tool or option from the menu.

• Set the new dimensions to 1.3cm high and 1cm wide.

• Ensure to maintain the aspect ratio to avoid distortion, if necessary.

• Apply the changes to resize the image.

• Save the resized image for use in the poster.

Question 4

• Fill the square with black

• Copy and paste the square

• Position the square to the left and below the original

• Copy and paste both squares

• Position the squares

• Group the squares

• Resize to 15mm

• Save the logo

Question 5

• Open the image in a software package

• Select the image

• Click on rotation menu, and select rotate anticlockwise 90 degree

• Adjust the image if necessary

• Save the changes.

5b

• Save the new image from the internet to your computer.

• Open your essay document in the word processor.

• Place the cursor where you want to insert the new image.

• Use the "Insert" menu and select "Picture" or "Image" to add the new image.

• Select the saved image file and insert it into the document.

• Right-click on the inserted image and choose "Wrap Text" from the context menu.

• Select the "Square" or "Tight" text wrapping option to ensure text appears alongside and beneath the image.

• Adjust the image size and position if necessary to fit well with the surrounding text.

Question 6

• Open the original JPG image in an image editing software.

• Select the crop tool from the toolbar or menu.

• Define the crop area by dragging the corners or edges to exclude the unwanted parts of the image, focusing on the lion and removing the tree.

• Apply the crop to remove the specified areas from the image.

• Adjust the remaining image as necessary to ensure the lion is centered or positioned as desired.

• Select the "Save As" option from the file menu.

• Choose the PNG format from the list of available file types.

• Name the new image file and save it in the desired location.

Question 7

GIF:

• Supports simple animations.

• Can have transparent backgrounds.

• Uses a 256-color palette.

• Generally has a small file size.

JPG:

• Reduces file size with high compression.

• Supports millions of colors.

• Universally compatible with many devices.

• Ideal for photos and complex images.

7b

• Reduce the image resolution.

• Compress the image using software tools.

Question 8

• Cropping

8b

• Select the text where you want to create columns.

• Navigate to the "Layout" or "Page Layout" tab in the toolbar.

• Click on the "Columns" button and choose "Two" to create two columns.

• Adjust the column settings if necessary, such as width and spacing.

• To add a line between the columns, go to "Columns" options and select "Line between columns" or similar option.

• Save changes.

Question 9

• Click on the spot you want to add the image (before the text A dog is known...)

• Click on insert and select the image, or copy paste the image

• Adjust the size of the image

• Use text wrap to make the text rounds the image

Question 1:

Complete the following sentences using the most appropriate words from the list:

• a) Gutter: A space that exists between a page's primary content and a book's fold.

• b) Header: An area at the top of a page.

• c) Text Wrapping: The word processing feature that makes text surround an image.

• d) Justified: Text that is aligned with the left and right margins.

Question 2:

Describe how you would create this table in a word processor:

• Open a new document in the word processor.

• Navigate to the "Insert" tab and select "Table."

• Choose the number of rows and columns required.

• Enter the city names in the left column and their populations in the right column.

• Adjust the table's layout as needed by resizing columns or formatting text.

Question 3:

Describe the process for the student to make a table and insert this data:

• Navigate to the "Insert" tab and click on "Table."

• Select the number of rows and columns needed.

• Enter the data for each animal, one per row.

• Format the table if necessary, such as adjusting column width or text alignment.

Question 4:

Describe how he could make a new row above the Pouched row and insert the image into the row's right-hand cell:

• Right-click on the row above the Pouched row and select "Insert Row Above."

• Click inside the new cell where the image will be placed.

• Go to the "Insert" tab, select "Picture," and choose the image from the file.

• Adjust the image size to fit within the cell.

Question 5:

Describe how you can expand the table to add the extra countries:

• Click on the last row of the table.

• Right-click and select "Insert Row Below."

• Repeat the process for as many rows as needed.

• Enter the data for the additional countries.

Question 6:

Describe the benefits and drawbacks of using headers and footers in a document:

• Benefits:

  • Adds consistency and professionalism to documents.

  • Automatically updates page numbers and dates across multiple pages.

• Drawbacks:

  • Limited space for content if headers and footers take up too much room.

  • May require additional formatting steps to maintain document layout.

Question 1

• A corporate house style refers to a set of guidelines used by an organization to maintain consistency in the formatting and presentation of its documents. 

• These guidelines cover elements like font type, size, color schemes, logos, and layout to ensure uniformity across all official communications.

Question 2

• The purpose of a corporate house style is to create a consistent visual identity that helps in brand recognition. 

• It ensures that all documents, whether internal or external, reflect the company's image, improving professionalism and facilitating communication.

Question 3

a

• Bold

• Justify

b

• Underline

• Left align

c

• Italicize

• Right aligned

Question 4

• The unit used to measure the size of a font is called a point.

• A page can be portrait or landscape. This is called page orientation.

• The shape of a text is called font type.

Question 5

• Serif fonts have small lines or strokes attached to the end of letters, making them more traditional and easier to read in print. Example: Times New Roman.

• Sans-serif fonts do not have these strokes, giving them a cleaner and more modern appearance, often used for digital content. Example: Arial.

Question 1

• Verification checks data accuracy against an original source.

• Proofreading involves reading a document for spelling or grammar mistakes.

• Proofreading ensures readability, not necessarily the accuracy of data.

• Verification can be done using methods like double data entry.

• Proofreading does not involve comparing data with an external source.

Question 2

• Automated tools may miss context-specific errors.

• Spell checkers cannot recognize incorrect word usage.

• Tools may miss grammar mistakes in complex sentences.

• Some specialized terms may be flagged incorrectly.

• Visual review helps check formatting and style consistency.

Question 3

• Visual verification involves re-reading the data to ensure correctness.

• It compares the entered data with the original source visually.

• Visual verification ensures that no information was skipped.

• It's also useful for catching formatting errors.

Question 4

• Spell check software.

• Grammar check tools.

• Thesaurus for suggesting synonyms.

• The 'Find and Replace' tool to correct repeated errors.

Question 5

• Validation ensures that data entered is logical and sensible.

• Verification checks that the data matches the original.

• Validation prevents errors during data input.

• Verification ensures long-term accuracy, especially in critical data collection.

• Validation checks data format to reduce input errors early on.

• Verification catches transcription errors by comparing with the original.

• Validation is automated, while verification often requires manual review for accuracy.

Question 6

• Visual verification checks for correctness by comparing data with the original.

• Proofreading focuses on finding and fixing grammar and spelling mistakes.

• Visual verification ensures data accuracy.

• Proofreading checks for consistency in sentence structure and punctuation.

Question 7

• Performing a length check on the data

• Performing a character check on the data

• Checking the data is reasonable and sensible

Question 8

• Range check: Ensures values fall within a specified range.

• Length check: Verifies data does not exceed a set length.

• Type check: Ensures the correct type of data (e.g., number or text) is entered.

• Format check: Confirms that data follows a specified pattern (e.g., date format).

• Presence check: Ensures no required field is left empty.

• Consistency check: Ensures data follows a logical pattern across fields.

Question 9

• Widow: The last line of a paragraph that appears at the top of a new page.

• Orphan: The first line of a paragraph that appears at the bottom of a page.

• Proofreading: The process of reading a document to find and correct spelling, grammar, and formatting errors.

• Proofreading also involves ensuring text clarity and flow.

• It can be manual or supported by automated tools.

Question 10

• The spell checker compares each word against a built-in dictionary.

• It highlights any words that do not match.

• Suggestions for corrections are provided, which the user can select.

• Spell checkers cannot detect correctly spelled but misused words.

• Some programs offer customizable dictionaries for specialized terms.

Question 11 

• Proofreading

• Validation

• Verification 

Question 1

• Select the data range.

• Navigate to the "Insert" tab.

• Choose the chart type - pie chart.

• Adjust chart elements like titles, legends, and labels.

• Customize chart colors for clarity.

• Add data labels for easy identification of values.

Question 2

• Right-click the chart.

• Select "Change Chart Type."

• Choose "Column" and apply changes.

• Modify axis labels to reflect the new format.

• Adjust chart layout to fit the new structure.

• Ensure data values are displayed clearly after the change.

Question 3

• a) Scatter plot: Compare height and weight.

• b) Line graph: Track time taken over distances.

• c) Grouped bar chart: Compare company healthcare expenses.

• d) Pie chart: Show shoe sizes as percentages.

• e) Bar chart: Display the number of oranges eaten.

Question 4

• They allow different data sets with varying scales to be displayed together.

• Useful when combining unrelated units like percentage and count.

• Help in showing relationships between two sets of data on the same graph.

• Enable clear comparison of different data without distortion.

• Makes multi-scale data easier to interpret visually.

• Reduces the need for multiple separate charts.

Question 5

• Right-click the axis and select "Format Axis."

• Set the minimum and maximum values manually.

• Apply changes and review the updated chart.

• Adjust axis intervals for better readability.

• Ensure axis values accurately reflect the data range.

• Add labels to axes to improve chart clarity.

Question 1

• Keeps content organized across multiple pages.

• Prevents text from shifting when editing.

• Ensures consistency in page layout.

• Allows for different formatting on separate pages.

• Makes it easier to apply section-specific headers and footers.

• Facilitates better control over page flow in long documents.

Question 2

• a) A page that is taller than it is wide is called portrait.

• b) The space at the bottom of a page is called footer.

• c) The paragraph’s first sentence on the previous page is called a widow.

• d) Horizontal text in the middle of a line is called centered.

• e) A margin providing extra space for binding is called a gutter.

Question 3

• Transfer the photo from digital camera to the computer through bluetooth or USB pen drive

• Insert the photos from the computer using the "Insert" tab.

• Scan printed photos and import them into the document through your computer.

• Use the "Insert" function to add text files with saved information.

• Enter additional text directly into the document.

• Format the text using appropriate fonts and alignments.

• Arrange all elements using page layout tools like columns or tables.

• Save the document.

Question 4

• The program may suggest words based on context rather than actual meaning.

• Homophones (words that sound alike but have different meanings) are often confused.

• Some terms specific to the subject matter may not be in the dictionary.

• It lacks understanding of the document's overall purpose.

• Spelling checkers may misinterpret informal or slang language.

• Complex sentence structures can lead to inappropriate suggestions.

Question 5

• Insert the audio file from the "Insert" tab.

• Set the audio to play automatically in "Playback" settings.

• Adjust audio settings to start with the slide or loop continuously.

• Add animation to sync the audio with specific slides.

• Ensure that the audio file is embedded or linked correctly.

• Test the presentation to confirm that the audio works on all slides.

Question 6

• a) To set the page to landscape, you select page orientation. True.

• b) The gutter margin is only on the left-hand side of the page. False.

• c) A widow is the last line of a paragraph appearing at the top of a new page. True.

• d) When you lock the aspect ratio, the width changes automatically as the height increases. True.

Question 1

• Primary key: A unique identifier for each record in a table.

• Foreign key: A field in one table that links to the primary key of another table.

• Primary key prevents duplication of records.

• Foreign key enforces relationships between tables.

• Both ensure data integrity in relational databases.

• Primary keys are essential for indexing and fast data retrieval.

Question 2

• Gender

• Exam_mark

• Average_mark

• Student_name

Question 3

Benefits:

• Easier to search and retrieve member data.

• Data can be updated and managed efficiently.

• Multiple users can access the data concurrently.

• Data security can be implemented with backups and access controls.

Drawbacks:

• May require technical expertise to set up and maintain.

• Risk of data loss if backups are not properly managed.

• Potential security risks if not properly protected.

• Costs associated with software, hardware, and maintenance.

Question 4

Similarities:

• Both store data in a structured format.

• Both can be used to query and manipulate data.

Differences:

• Flat-file databases store all data in a single table, while relational databases use multiple related tables.

• Relational databases reduce redundancy through relationships; flat-file databases can have duplicated data.

• Relational databases offer better data integrity by enforcing referential integrity; flat-file databases don't support this.

• Flat-file databases are simpler to set up and use but are less efficient for large data sets.

• Relational databases handle complex queries more effectively.

• Flat-file databases are ideal for small datasets; relational databases scale better with large datasets.

Question 5

a.

• To ensures data entered into the system is accurate by comparing it with the original source.

• To reduces errors during data entry by confirming correctness.

b.

• Check digit: Most appropriate for the Serial_number field to validate numbers such as barcodes.

• Length: Most appropriate for Shelf_number to ensure correct number of digits in the shelf identifier.

• Type: Most appropriate for Number_in_stock to ensure it only accepts numeric data.

c.

• The Serial_number field is the best primary key because it uniquely identifies each item.

Question 6

a

• Vehicle_licence_plate: Text

• Powered_by: Text

• Car_maintenance: Numeric: integer

• Cost_of_service: Numeric: Decimal

• Car_type: Text

• Date_of_service: Date

b.

• (i) Vehicle_licence_plate: Format check. Ensures the correct pattern is followed (e.g., ABC-1234).

• (ii) Cost_of_service: Range check. Ensures the value is between 1500 and 5000 riyals.

• (iii) Date_of_service: Presence check. Ensures that the date is always entered.

Question 7

• Track patient appointments and schedule future visits.

• Store and retrieve patient medical history.

• Monitor treatment progress over time.

• Generate reports for billing and insurance purposes.

Question 8

Designing a toy shop database:

• a. Field names:

  • What is the toy? = Toy_name

  • Who manufactured the toy? = Manufacturer

  • What year was it manufactured? = Manufacture_year

  • What price was it bought for? = Purchase_price

• b. Convert field from integer to decimal:

  • Open the table design view and select the field.

  • Change the data type from integer to decimal.

  • Set the number of decimal places to two.

  • Save the changes to apply the new format to existing and future data.

Question 1

a. Elements of design for an appealing presentation to teenagers:

1. • Use bright, modern colors that resonate with young audiences.

   • Incorporate high-quality images and animations to make the presentation visually engaging.

   • Include short, clear text with fonts that are easy to read, like sans-serif.

   • Use interactive elements such as quizzes or embedded videos to maintain engagement.

b. Need for copyright laws:

1. • Protects the intellectual property of creators, preventing others from using their work without permission.

   • Ensures that creators are compensated for their work when used by others, and avoids legal issues for the designer.

Question 2

1. • Audio clips: Enables students to listen to sound or music.

   • Video files: Can demonstrate performances or related content visually and interactively.

Question 3

1. • Benefits:

     • Can include interactive elements like audio, video, and animations to engage teenagers.

     • Easier to update and distribute electronically.

   • Drawbacks:

     • Requires technology access, which may not be available to everyone.

     • Can be distracting if overused or not well designed.

Question 4

1. • Projector: Used to test how the presentation will appear to an audience on a large screen.

   • Speakers: To check if audio elements are clear and properly synced with the presentation.

Question 5

1. • Sound.

   • Video.

Question 6

a.

1. • Logo of the organization or event for branding.

   • Title font and size to maintain consistency.

   • Background color or image for a unified look.

   • Footer with page number for navigation and organization.

b.

1. • Microphone: To record his voice clearly.

   • Headphones: To listen and ensure the recorded sound is of good quality.

Question 7

1. • Ensures consistency across all slides in terms of design, font, and layout.

   • Saves time by applying changes to multiple slides at once rather than individually.

Question 8

a.

• Teenagers may prefer bright colors, animations, and minimal text for better engagement.

• Professionals at a business conference may expect formal colors, clear data, and fewer distractions.

• Designing for a specific audience ensures the content is relevant and engaging.

• Different audiences require different levels of detail and tone to match their understanding.

b.

• Use password protection to restrict access to the presentation file.

• Apply digital rights management (DRM) to prevent copying or sharing of the software.

• Include a copyright notice within the presentation to inform users of legal restrictions.

Question 9

• Company logo for branding.

• Slide numbers for easy navigation.

• Date to display when the presentation was created or delivered.

• Footer text for additional information or references.

Question 1

• =IF(A10>=20, "OK", "error") 

Question 2

a.

Input test values into A1 (e.g., 60, 55, and 45).

For each test case:

• If 60 or more, the output should be "Merit."

• Between 50-59, "Pass" should be displayed.

• Below 50, "Not Pass" should appear.

Test boundary values like 60, 50, and 49.

Confirm correct classification of values into merit, pass, or fail.

b.

Modify the condition to: =IF(A1>=50,"Pass", IF(A1<50, "Not Pass")).

Ensure "Pass" appears for values 50 and above.

c.

• Live data is real-world, current information.

• Used to test a system after development.

• In an electronic mark book, it includes actual student names and scores.

• Ensures accuracy, performance, and reliability.

• Confirms correct functioning with real inputs during daily operations.

Question 3

• Presence: Apply to Name_of_book – Ensures that every book entry has a name.

• Lookup: Apply to Book_type – Limits entries to only "P" (Physical) or "E" (Electronic).

• Range: Apply to Cost – Ensures the cost is between $1 and $10.

• Length: Apply to ISBN – Ensures the ISBN is exactly 13 digits long.

Question 4

a. Cell reference of $18:

• C4

b. Number of rows shown in the spreadsheet:

• 7

c. Formula for D2 (Total cost):

• =B2*C2

d. Formula for D7 (Overall cost):

• =SUM(D2:D6)

e. Reasons for using financial models to predict future profitability:

• Helps forecast revenues and expenses based on current data.

• Allows scenario testing (e.g., increasing costs or sales).

• Supports better decision-making for future financial planning.

Question 5

a. Explanation of the nested IF function:

• The condition checks if A1 > 12.

• If true, it returns “strong”.

• If false, it checks the next condition (A1 > 6).

• If the second condition is true, it returns “medium”.

• If both conditions are false, it returns “weak”.

b. Four errors in the reversed formula:

1. A1<12 should be A1<=12 to include the "medium" range.

2. The closing quotation mark for “strong” is missing.

3. The order of the conditions is incorrect; it needs two conditions: A1>12 and A1>6.

4. The formula is missing the third condition for "weak".

c. Other examples of types of modelling:

1. Weather forecasting models.

2. Business forecasting models.

3. Population growth models.

4. Student mark models.

d. How a teacher can use a spreadsheet to track student progress:

• Create columns for student names, test scores, and attendance.

• Use formulas to calculate averages and grades automatically.

• Apply conditional formatting to highlight students at risk (e.g., low grades).

• Generate graphs and charts to visualize performance trends over time.

Question 6

Formula for cell D2 in the Orders worksheet:

• The formula needs to find the price per unit from the Products worksheet, multiply it by the quantity ordered, and display the cost in the Orders worksheet.

• The formula for D2 is:
  =VLOOKUP(B2, Products!$A$2:$C$11, 3, FALSE) * C2

  • VLOOKUP(B2, Products!$A$2:$C$11, 3, FALSE): This looks up the tea code in column B2 in the Products worksheet (range A2
    ) and returns the price from the third column.

  • C2: Multiplies the price by the quantity ordered.

  • Drag the formula down to apply it to all rows.

b. Setting up the Cost column as Indian Rupees (₹):

• Select column E in the Receipt worksheet.

• Right-click and select Format Cells.

• Choose Currency and select the Indian Rupee (₹) symbol from the list.

• Set the decimal places to 2 for accurate currency representation.

Question 7

• Safe

• 1

• 5

• 4

• 6

Question 8

a.

Breed_of_cow : Text

Date_of_birth : Date

Weight_of_cow : Numeric (Decimal)

Average_milk_yield : Numeric (Decimal)

Animal_passport_number : Text

b.

The Animal_passport_number field would be the most appropriate primary key because it uniquely identifies each cow. 

c.

Check digit: A check digit validation ensures that the final digit of the animal passport number is calculated correctly based on the other digits. This helps to catch data entry errors in the passport number. 

Question 1

• A hyperlink is a link embedded in a web page that, when clicked, takes the user to another web page, a different section of the same page, or a file.

• It is usually represented as underlined or highlighted text, an image, or a button, and serves to navigate between resources on the web.

Question 2

Content Layer:

• Defines the structure and information of a web page using HTML.

• Includes text, images, and basic layout elements of the website.

Presentation Layer:

• Controls the appearance of the web page, including colors, fonts, and layout through CSS (Cascading Style Sheets).

• Separates design from content, ensuring uniform styling across the site.

Behavior Layer:

• Adds interactivity and dynamic features to the web page using JavaScript.

• Handles events like button clicks, form validation, and real-time updates without refreshing the page.

Question 3

a.

• h1 { 

color: #ff0000; 

font-family: "Comic Sans MS", Arial, sans-serif; 

font-size: 30pt; 

text-align: center; } 

b.

table { 

border-color: #000000; 

border-width: 3px; 

border-style: dashed; } 

c.

h3 { 

color: #000000; 

font-family: Times, Helvetica, serif; 

font-size: 14pt; 

text-align: justify; } 

d.

h2 { 

font-weight: bold; 

color: #0000ff; 

font-family: Times, Helvetica, serif; 

font-size: 24pt; 

text-align: center; } 

Question 4

1. Missing semicolon after font-family in h1:

   • Error: font-family: “Times New Roman”, Times, serif

   • Correction: Add a semicolon at the end.
     font-family: “Times New Roman”, Times, serif;

2. Incorrect property name text-weight in h1:

• Error: text-weight: bold;

• Correction: Use font-weight instead.
  font-weight: bold;

3. Incorrect property value underlines in h2:

• Error: text-decoration: underlines;

• Correction: Use underline instead.
  text-decoration: underline;

4. Incorrect selector and syntax for background-color in body:

• Error: body [background-color: #ad88e6;]

• Correction: Use curly braces instead of square brackets.
  body { background-color: #ad88e6;}

5. Incorrect value dot for border-style in table:

• Error: border-style: dot;

• Correction: Use dotted instead.
  border-style: dotted;

6. tbody is not correct:

• Error: tbody {background-color: #c6dde8;}

• Correction: body not tbody : tbody {background-color: #c6dde8;}

Question 5

• An anchor in HTML is used to create hyperlinks that allow users to navigate from one webpage to another or to different parts of the same page. 

• It is defined using the <a> tag, and it typically includes the href attribute that specifies the URL or target of the link. 

• <a name="Top">Top</a> 

Question 6

• The main purpose of a web browser is to retrieve, display, and interact with content on the World Wide Web. 

• It processes HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to render web pages and enables users to navigate between websites, view multimedia content, and use web-based applications. 

Question 7

a. Categorize the statements into behavior, presentation, or content layers:

• To format the whole web pages

  • Presentation

• Consist of navigation pointers

  • Content

• Defined by the CSS

  • Presentation

• To enter scripting language into a web page

  • Behavior

b. Explain the following internet terms:

• URL (Uniform Resource Locator):

  • A URL is a reference or address used to access resources on the internet. 

  • It specifies the location of a resource, such as a web page or file, using a combination of a protocol (e.g., HTTP, HTTPS), a domain name, and optionally, a path to a specific resource or query parameters.

• HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure):

  • HTTPS is an extension of HTTP that provides a secure, encrypted connection between a web browser and a server. 

  • It uses SSL/TLS protocols to encrypt the data exchanged, ensuring that sensitive information, such as login credentials or personal details, is protected from interception or tampering.

Question 8

• <img src="dorcas.jpg" alt="Dorcas"> 

Question 9

• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. 

• It is used to define the visual presentation of a web page written in HTML or XHTML. 

• CSS controls various design aspects such as layout, colors, fonts, and spacing, ensuring that a webpage appears consistent across different browsers and devices.

• HTM is an alternative file extension for HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). 

• It is used to create and structure web pages. 

• The .htm file extension serves the same purpose as .html and contains the HTML code that structures and formats content for display on the web.

Question 10

• Text

• Video

• Audio

Question 11

1. Incorrect property name colour in h1:

   • Mistake: colour: #000040;

   • Correction: The correct property name is color.
     color: #000040;

2. Incorrect color value format in h2:

   • Mistake: color: 000000;

   • Correction: Color values should be prefixed with #.
     color: #000000;

3. Incorrect property value centre in h2:

   • Mistake: text-align: centre;

Correction: The correct value is center.
text-align: center;

4. Missing opening and closing braces for the body and table styles:

Mistake:
body { }

table { }

Correction: The properties for body and table should be enclosed in braces.
body {

    /* Add desired properties here */

}

table {

    background-image: url('background.jpg');

    background-color: #025fb4;

    border-collapse: collapse;

    border-width: 4px;

    border-style: solid;

    border-color: #000000;

}

5. Incorrect use of single quotes in background-image URL in table:

   • Mistake: background-image: url(‘background.jpg’);

Correction: Use standard double or single quotes.
background-image: url('background.jpg');

Question 12

1. Incorrect attribute value format in <a> tag:

   • Mistake: href=http://www.xahc.co.uk target=”_manta”;

Correction: The href attribute value should be enclosed in quotes, and target should not have a semicolon. Also, use "_manta" correctly.
html

<a href="http://www.xahc.co.uk" target="_manta">click here</a>

2. Incorrect syntax for <a> tag with mailto:

   • Mistake: <p><href=”mailto:tmcp@cie.orfg.uk”>Email</a> us for details

Correction: The mailto link should be correctly formatted with href and enclosed in quotes, and the opening <a> tag is missing.

<p><a href="mailto:tmcp@cie.org.uk">Email</a> us for details`

3. Incorrect syntax and misplaced closing tag in second <a> tag:

   • Mistake: <a href=”mailto,tmcp@cie.org.uk, subject=Donation by John>”>click on this link<a>

Correction: The mailto link should have correct syntax with colons, and the closing <a> tag should be correctly positioned.

<a href="mailto:tmcp@cie.org.uk?subject=Donation by John">click on this link</a>