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CALVINS HEALTH ORGANIZATION | HEALTH
Understanding Stem Cells and How It Affects Disease and Mortality
This article has been edited, revised, and reviewed by the Calvin Industries Cooperation and the Calvins Health Organization.
Written By :
Mr. Calvin Musk, CEO at Calvin Industries Cooperation
Date of Publish :
Sunday, February 12th, 2023 @ 3:25 P.M (Mountain Time M.T)
Department :
Calvin's Health Organization : Department of Public Health Authoritarian at Calvin Industries
Could stem cells be the solution to curing and treating life-threatening diseases and preventing and slowing down mortality?
Welcome to the Calvin Industries Lab- funded and hosted by the Calvins Health Organization.
“Stem cell research is the key to developing cures for degenerative conditions like Parkinson’s and motor neuron disease from which I and many others suffer.” -Steven Hawkings
A technique called stem-cell therapy is used to cure or prevent specific diseases like leukemia, diabetes, and heart disease. By definition, stem cells are cells with the capacity to differentiate into many cellular kinds. Your existing cells can only divide to create cells of the same sort, therefore this is in contrast to them (i.e. skin cells divide to produce more skin cells and cannot become heart cells). The two primary types of stem cells are adult stem cells, which are found in particular tissues (such as bone marrow), as well as in the umbilical cord blood, and embryonic stem cells, which are extracted from a 3- to 5-day-old embryo termed a blastocyst. The body's building blocks are stem cells, which are cells that give rise to all other cells with specific roles. Daughter cells are created when stem cells divide properly in the body or a lab to create more cells. These daughter cells become either new stem cells or specialized cells (differentiation) with a more specific function, such as blood cells, brain cells, heart muscle cells, or bone cells. No other cell in the body has the natural ability to generate new cell types. Over the past few years, we've seen a an increase in interest in studying and researching more about stem cells and what they do, how they function, and how we could take advantage of our understanding of stem cells to better develop life-saving treatments to help prevent and cure thousands of diseases worldwide.
Our bodies' building components are stem cells. They differ from other cells because they can renew themselves and can develop into any form of cell. Regenerative medicine (RM), a revolutionary approach to treating illness and injury, is powered by stem cells since they can restore tissue and organs. Investors, economists, and experts in health policy all view RM as the nascent field of contemporary medicine. The strength of RM lies in its capacity to prevent or treat disease rather than merely treating symptoms, which is opening up access to cutting-edge therapies for conditions like type 1 diabetes, cancer, muscular dystrophies, lung and heart disease, as well as neurological conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into many types of cells, making them useful in regenerative medicine to restore or replace damaged or diseased tissues and organs. Stem cell therapy has shown promise in treating a variety of diseases, including those mentioned in the statement. However, it is important to note that stem cell therapy is still a developing field, and more research is needed to fully understand its potential and limitations.
Today, we will be exploring stem cells specifically, stem cell therapy. Today, we will be exploring and better understanding the top causes of death globally, and how stem cell therapy could be the key solution to solving and preventing millions of death worldwide. As April marks Parkinson's awareness month, we'll be exploring stem cell therapy, and how it may give us answers to what we're seeking for.
Heart disease, cancer, COVID-19, unintentional injuries, strokes, chronic lower respitory diseases, alzheimers disease, diabetes, chronic liver disease, and nephritis is the leading causes of death in the United States. Just how many of these are preventable, and can be treated thanks to stem cell therpay?
80%
success rates related to using stem-cell therapy to treat life-threatening diseases- mainly heart and lung diseases.
1M+
lives could be saved by 2030 thanks to stem-cells therapy, posing as effective and reliable.
8.5B+
dollars is the worth of the total global stem cell therapy market in 2015. Its expected to reach 15.6B by 2027.
Embryonic Stem Cells
Embryonic stem cells range 3-5 years old in age, ranking as the youngest types of stem cells. A blastocyst, aka the name for an embryo at this stage, contains roughly 150 cells. These stem cells are pluripotent, which means they can divide to create other stem cells or any form of cell in the body. Because of their ability to adapt easily, these type of stem cells can be employed to replace or treat damanaged tissues and organs- working great for stem-cell therapy. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is the stage of development which an embryo tends to go through around 5 days within its fertilization. It is during this stage which the embryo consists of roughly 150 cells and not implanted into the uterus.
Adult Stem Cells
Most adult tissues, including bone marrow and fat, contain a tiny amount of these stem cells. Adult stem cells are less able to develop into different types of body cells than embryonic stem cells. Up until recently, scientists believed that adult stem cells could only produce cells of the same kind. For instance, scientists once believed that bone marrow-resident stem cells could only give rise to blood cells. Yet, new research indicates that adult stem cells might have the capacity to generate a variety of cell types. As an illustration, bone marrow stem cells might be able to produce heart or bone cells. Early-stage clinical trials to evaluate usefulness and safety in humans have been made possible by this research.
Some examples of specialized cells include :
Red Blood Cells: Red blood cells are responsible for transporting hemoglobin, which carries oxygen.
White Blood Cells: They range in different sizes and shapes and work on defending the body.
While these visuals show a basic understanding of what a stem cell may look like, the reality is that stem cells do not have a specific appearance as they can take on various different forms depending on the location they are present in. Under a microscope, they can appear as a small, round, and densely packed cell, or as a larger irregularly shaped cell with extensions. Therefore, it may be challenging to identify a stem cell.
Written By :
Mr. Calvin Musk, CEO at Calvin Industries Cooperation
Date of Publish :
Sunday, February 12th, 2023 @ 4:16 P.M
Department :
Calvin's Health Organization : Department of Public Health Authoritarian at Calvin Industries
This is a mice, which was experimented during the early phases of stem cell therapy.
Stem cells come in any shape and sizes and very depending on where it is in the body. Stem cells are the future of medicine and medical treatment.
Theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking made substantial contributions to science. He was not directly involved with stem cell therapy, though. He did advocate for more financing for the science and supported the use of stem cell research for medical purposes.
What is stem cell therapy?
Stem-cell therapy is a method used to treat or prevent a particular type of diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, leukemia or other conditions. By definition, stem cells are cells that are able to develop into different types of cells. This is unlike your current cells that can only divide to produce cells of the same type (i.e. skin cells divide to produce more skin cells and cannot become heart cells). There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells which are taken from a 3- to 5-day-old embryo called a blastocyst and adult stem cells which are found in certain tissues (i.e. bone marrow) as well as in the umbilical cord blood.
A Brief History of Stem-Cell Therapy
The history of adult stem cell research began in the 1950s when researchers discovered that bone marrow contained two kinds of stem cells. The first is called hematopoietic stem cells that divide to form each type of blood cells in the body. The second is called bone marrow stromal stem cells. These stem cells can repair bone, cartilage, and fat cells that support the formation of blood and fibrous connective tissue. It is a part of a small proportion of the stromal cell in the bone marrow. In 1981, scientists discovered ways to derive embryonic stem cells from early mouse embryos. This led to a discovery in 1998 that allowed scientists to derive stem cells from human embryos and grow them in the laboratory. Cells used in early research were called human embryonic stem cells that were created for reproductive procedures such as in vitro fertilization. In 2006 a new type of stem cell called an induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) was made by researchers to identify conditions and genetically reprogram some specialized adult cells to create a stem cell-like structure (Steckelberg, 2014).
How does Stem Cell Therapy Work?
Mature cells found either in an adult or child, are programmed to be a particular kind (i.e. skin, muscle, nerve, etc.) and when they divide, they can only become that kind of cell. This makes it difficult to replace or repair certain kinds of cells in the body. This is where stem cells come in. Stem cells serve as an internal repair and replacement system in our body. Stem cells divide to generate replacement cells within organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs with the potential to remain a stem cell or become a new type of cell with a more specialized function (Sheen, 2015). In people where certain tissues or organs have gone awry, stem cells can be used to completely replace the organ or tissue, relieving them of their disease. A common example of this is the treatment of leukemia (a disease whereby the development of blood cells doesn’t occur correctly) through bone marrow cell therapy. Stem cell research enables scientists to learn about the cells’ beneficial properties, discover and screen new drugs, study normal growth and identify causes of birth defects and disease. To treat disease, stem cells are programmed to become a specialized type of cells, such as heart muscle cells, blood cells or nerve cells. These specialized cells can then be implanted into a person to treat a certain disease such as congestive heart failure whereby the heart cells can’t beat strongly enough. Stem cells can also be used to grow organs such as kidneys or livers, the potential is endless. Best of all, these are your cells so there’s no chance of rejection post surgery. Note: Rejection post surgery results from the body not recognizing the cells that have been inserted into it. As a result, the immune system believes them to be invaders and kills them.
Current Applicability of Stem Cell Therapy
Today, doctors can harvest stem cells from the blood of a newborn's umbilical cord, reducing the controversy as previous stem cells were taken from aborted fetuses. Note: When you are born, you are given the option of having your stem cells harvested and stored for your future use. Not only can stem cells be used to treat disease, they are also being used to screen new drugs. Newly discovered medications are tested for safety on differentiated cells generated from human stem cell lines. Other kinds of cells such as cancer cell lines have also been widely used to test anti-tumor drugs. Screening new therapies on stem cells reduces the use of animal testing and also provides more optimal testing conditions as stem cells replicate the exact conditions of a living human treatment much more effective than do mice.
Arguments and Controversies against Stem Cell Therapy
Many opponents of stem cell research state that harvesting embryos for stem cells is immoral and should not be allowed under any circumstances. To them, an embryo is a human and destroying it is an act of murder. They believe that an embryo constitutes life and has the potential to develop fully into a human being. They believe it is immoral, unnatural and unethical to destroy a person's life just to save another. Furthermore, many religious groups condemn embryonic stem cell research on similar grounds. Other arguments against embryonic stem cell research cite that adult stem cells are already successfully being used and therefore, there is no need to regress back into embryonic stem cell territory. Fears regarding unexpected outcomes and the effects of stem cell usage on the environment continue to rise. Many think that although the benefits of stem cell therapies are enormous, risks must also be considered. One concern is the passing of viruses. Recipients of stem cells may inherit viruses or other microscopic agents that can cause disease, (Murnaghan, 2015).
The Future of Stem Cell Therapy
As the famous physicist, Stephen Hawking put it, “Stem cell research is the key to developing cures for degenerative conditions like Parkinson’s and motor neuron disease from which I and many others suffer.” The current benefits of stem cell therapy are well documented, and continued research is expected for new treatments. Stem cell therapy offers hope for those suffering from serious diseases and we’ve barely scratched the surface. In the future, we could be using 3D printers to produce organs that cannot be rejected (as they are the patient’s cells). This would save thousands who die while waiting on the organ transplant list. These 3D printers would use stem cells for ink. We could eliminate the need for drug testing on animals or humans, simply testing them on stem cells until they were ready for the public. We could regenerate brain cells in those suffering from dementia and other degenerative diseases. The possibilities are endless and the future is bright. “Stem cell research can revolutionize medicine, more than anything since antibiotics” – Ron Reagan.
Researchers first learned that they could extract embryonic stem cells from mouse embryos in 1981. The use of stem cells was used for the first time in this experiment. It was over a decade later in 1998 when scientists began mimicking this process with humans and were able to construct a method to harvest stem cells from human embryos. Additionally, researchers figured out how to grow stem cells in a lab. Embryonic stem cells are actually derived from human eggs that are fertilized in a lab and do not come directly from a woman.
The Aging Process
A promising prospective treatment for correcting the outward indications of ageing is stem cells. These unique cells can repair damaged tissues and enhance cellular activity generally, which could lessen the visibility of wrinkles and other aging-related changes. The creation of collagen, a protein that provides skin its flexibility and strength, may be increased by stem cells, according to certain research, which may have anti-aging effects on the skin. While more research is needed to fully understand the potential of stem cells for anti-aging treatments, the early results are promising and suggest that stem cells may play a key role in the development of effective anti-aging therapies in the future.
The Issues Arise
Because obtaining the stem cells results in the destruction of the blastocyst, an unimplanted human embryo during the sixth to the eighth day of development, opponents claim that the research is unethical. Bush said the federal government shouldn't tolerate "the taking of innocent human life" when he rejected the stem cell measure last year. People who are against stem cell research argue that harvesting embryos for stem cells is immoral, consitutes murder, and is unethical. Additionally, they argue that adult stem cells that are already being used successfully have been associated with various risks, including for the potential of passing viruses.
We support.
We all know somebody who has died of different diseases like cancer, Parkisons, and other diseases which have shortned somebodies life span. This is the one sign of hope to a brighter and healthier future where we may no longer need to fear / cope with these diseases. This has the potential to revolutionize medical treatment and save countless lives. Scientists are developing new therapies to treat w wide range of diseas and conditions already thanks to the lasting efforts with this new treatment. This can also enable us to better study and understand human development and disease to better enable researcheres to understand the underlying mechanisms of various conditions.
CALVINS HEALTH ORGANIZATION | HEALTH
Understanding Specialized Cells
This article has been edited, revised, and reviewed by the Calvin Industries Cooperation and the Calvins Health Organization.
Written By :
Mr. Calvin Musk, CEO at Calvin Industries Cooperation
Date of Publish :
Tuesday March 7th, 2023 @ 5:52 P.M
Department :
Calvin's Health Organization : Department of Public Health Authoritarian at Calvin Industries
This right here is a diagram of a fat cell, which is a type of cell in our bodies that stores energy in the form of fat. These cells can expand or shrink depending on the amount of fat stored and play a role in regulating metabolism and hormone levels.
The human body is made up of microscopic cells. Together, these elements of life function harmoniously to create the human body. While numerous cells make up basic biological components like tissues, some perform more difficult and specialized activities. These specialized cells are specially designed to perform the functions for which they are intended. Each of these cell types are formed and operates differently, ensuring that the cell can carry out the necessary body function that it is intended to complete. Specialized cells are those that do certain tasks and exhibit traits that are specialized to the particular function they perform inside the body.
But did you know that tissues—smaller, more focused collections of cells—are the building blocks of organs? Several types of tissues can exist in our organs thanks to specialized cells, enabling the organs to carry out various tasks within our organ systems. These cells are typically highly differentiated and designed to carry out a specific function, such as carrying oxygen or sending electrical impulses. Specialized cells, as opposed to basic cells, which may only have a few diverse tasks, have distinctive shapes and capacities that enable them to perform intricate biological operations. Red blood cells, which carry oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, muscle cells, which produce the force needed for movement, and nerve cells, which convey electrical messages between the brain and other areas of the body, are examples of specialized cells. Additional instances include immune cells, skin cells, and bone cells, all of which have particular structures and purposes. Have a look below for some images taken from microscopes that show a deeper look into the visual appearance of certain parts of animal species. Today, we will be experimenting with microscopes and learning how to use them. Using microscopes will enable students to observe and study microscopic structures that are usually not visible to the naked human eye; this is why its so critical, yet fascinating to experiment with such advanced technology. This will enable students to better understand the world around them, and the fundamental building blocks of life (cells). Join the Calvins Health Organization in experimenting with microscopes and observing the world in a way which we have never done before in exploring the basic building blocks of life.
An average mammal cell has a diameter of 10–20 m, or around one-fifth the size of the smallest particle discernible with the unaided eye. All plant and animal tissues were not known to be aggregations of individual cells until strong light microscopes were made available in the early nineteenth century. This is why experimenting with microscopes may be so fascinating to explore the hidden world many of us often never see.
To conclude, all living organisms have cells as their fundamental unit of structure and operation. Cells carry out every process required for life. With one-celled creatures like amoebas, all of the requirements for the organisms exist within a single cell. Humans and plants are examples of multicellular creatures. These organisms are made up of numerous cells, each with a unique structure and function. The structures found inside a cell, as well as its size and shape, are influenced by the functions of the cell. You will see various different cell kinds in this inquiry. You will contrast and relate the structures you observe in the cells to the many functions that they carry out.
Neurons: These are specialized cells that transmit signals in the nervous system. They receive and send electrical signals that allow communication between different parts of the body.
Red blood cells: These cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds with oxygen to transport it throughout the body. Red blood cells also help remove carbon dioxide from the body.
White blood cells: These cells are part of the immune system and help protect the body against infection and disease. There are several types of white blood cells, each with a specific function.
Muscle cells: These cells are specialized for movement and contraction. They are responsible for creating force and moving the body.
Epithelial cells: These cells form the surface of organs and tissues, providing a protective barrier against external and internal factors. They also help absorb nutrients and secrete substances such as hormones.
Fat cells: These cells specialize in fat storage. They are found in adipose tissue and play a role in energy storage and metabolism.
Osteocytes: These are bone cells that help maintain bone tissue. They help regulate calcium levels in the body and support the structure of the skeletal system.
Sperm cells: These are specialized cells involved in reproduction. They are responsible for transferring genetic material to a woman's egg during fertilization.
Egg cells: These are specialized cells that are also involved in reproduction. They provide the environment and nutrients necessary for early embryonic development.
Pancreatic beta cells: These cells are located in the pancreas and are responsible for producing insulin. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels and plays a key role in metabolism.
These are just a few examples of specialized cells and their functions. Each type of cell has a unique and important role in the body's functions.
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