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CALVINS HEALTH ORGANIZATION | HEALTH
Understanding Diffusion, Osmosis and its relation to Biology and the Human Body
This article has been edited, revised, and reviewed by the Calvin Industries Cooperation and the Calvins Health Organization.
Written By :
Mr. Calvin Musk, CEO at Calvin Industries Cooperation
Date of Publish :
Sunday, February 12th, 2023 @ 4:16 P.M
Department :
Calvin's Health Organization : Department of Public Health Authoritarian at Calvin Industries
A cell is a mixture of water, ions, and other solutes just like a solution. Therefore, in this context, we can consider a cell a solution.
Welcome to the Calvin Industries Lab- funded and hosted by the Calvins Health Organization.
Today, our priority will be to better understand the concepts of diffusion, and osmosis, and how they connect to the human body. While diffusion and osmosis are similar concepts, they do have their similarities and differences. Diffusion is when particles move from a high concentration to a lower concentration. Picture a fart (ewww), or perfume. As soon as that gas is released, the person closest will smell it first, and slowly, the air particles will begin to diffuse as the particles are traveling from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. Over time, people from afar can begin to smell it. This is what we like to call "diffusion", where air particles slowly travel from am area of high concentration to a low concentration. This basically means that particles in a volume consisting of higher volumes of particles will start to spread out and disperse into areas with lower volumes of particles. We can also see diffusion with water, and this is called osmosis.
Concentration refers to the gathering of particles; similar to density, and how many particles there are in a given volume. In a syrup solution, we have a high concentration of sugar since it is a super-saturated solution. In ocean water, there is a high concentration of salt. This basically infers that there are high levels of salt in the given volume. We have discussed a lot about concentration in our Mix and Flow of Matter Unit, and this well ties into our osmosis inquiry.
When we're talking about osmosis, we're specifically talking about diffusion with water particles, and usually with a membrane. An example of osmosis in action if through plants. If we put celery in a color-saturated solution, we can see that the celery will slowly absorb the water and we can start to see its xylem turn the color of the food colouring. This is called osmosis where the water from a high concentration will travel up to the celery because the celery has a lower concentration of water. Osmosis is applicable in our everyday lives; from photosynthesis to our small intestine, respiration system, and throughout our bodies. This process of osmosis usually occurs through a semipermeable membrane, which is a membrane that will only allow some contents to flow through it through osmosis (semipermeable). Osmosis usually works and works towards balancing out the solvent-solute ratio within our solute and our cells to ensure that the amount of solvent and solute is balanced out on both sides of the membrane. Only solvent molecules can pass through the selectively permeable membrane; solute molecules cannot. In other words, until the solvent concentration is equal on both sides, the solvent will move from the side with high concentration to the side with low concentration. The concentration of the solvent and the solute on either side of the membrane is balanced as a result of this process.
Through this article, we will be looking at all things relating to osmosis, diffusion, and how they work together to form and do great things.
Diffusion in process! Particles are traveling from a area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration.
Hypertonic
When we have a higher concentration of solute particles in the cell compared to the surronding water, we have a hypertonic solution. Hypertonic means there is more solute particles. In this solution, water will move out of the cell to try to balance out the solute particles, resulting in the cell to dry up and shrivel up.
Isotonic
In a isotonic solution, the amount of solute particles in the cell, and the surrounding water is exactly the same. This is the perfect type of cell! Water flows freely into and out of cells in an isotonic solution, preserving the volume of the cell and avoiding cell deterioration.
Hypotonic
When we have a lower concentration of solute particles in a cell compared to the surrounding water, we have a hypotonic solution. According to osmosis, water will flow into the cell to try to balance out the imbalance between the solute particles within both solutions. This causes the cell to swell, and possibly burst and explode..
A membrane of a cell is what separates the inside of the cell, to the outside. This determines what types of particles are allowed in, and what is allowed out. There are 3 major membranes :
Permeable Membrane
A permeable membrane enables everything to pass through without any restrictions. That does include any potential threats which may pose as a threat to your body, like viruses; It does not discriminate between different types of substances and allows everything to cross it freely. Permeable membranes are used in some applications where a completely open system is desired and the movement of substances in and out is not of concern. They might be employed, for instance, in specific filtration systems or chemical reactors. Permeable membranes aren't typically used in biological systems because they don't offer any means of controlling how things enter and exit cells or other biological systems. Instead, a particular internal environment and substance movement are maintained by means of selectively permeable membranes. Permeable membranes serve a particular purpose in some applications, but their unrestricted nature renders them less useful in many other situations where it is important to control the flow of substances.
Semi-Permeable Membrane
Semi-permeable membranes enable some to pass, but block off any threats like viruses, and others that may pose as a risk. This type of membrane works as a selective barrier that controls the movements of substances based on their certain size, charge, or other physical and chemical properties associated with it. This is the best type of membrane, where they play an important role by regulating the certain movement of substances in and out of cells by maintaining a specific internal environment. They are also used in a variety of industrial and environmental applications like water treatment plants, and help to remove contaminates in sewage and waste water through reverse osmosis.
Impermeable Membrane
An impermeable membrane, is you guessed it, a membrane that does not allow any substances to pass through it by creating a complete barrier between the 2 solutions. It acts as a physical barrier and prevents the exchange of matter between the 2 sides of the membrane. They are typically used in laboratory experiments to separate two immiscible liquids.
CALVINS HEALTH ORGANIZATION | HEALTH
Where does diffusion occur within our body?
The Human Respiration System
Oxygen diffuses from the inhaled air from the air sacs (alveoli) from the lungs into the capillaries which transports them into the blood vessels surronding them, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood vessels into the air sacs to be exhaled through the oxygen exchange.
The Human Digestive System
Nutrients from digested food are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine via diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. These nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, and they are transported through the bloodstream to the liver, where they are processed and distributed to other organs.
The Human Urinary System
Diffusion plays an important role in the kidneys, which are responsible for filtering the blood to remove waste products and excess fluids. In the kidneys, small molecules such as water, ions, and urea diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration across the semipermeable membranes of the nephrons.
CALVINS HEALTH ORGANIZATION | HEALTH
The Egg : A Lab Experiment
Written By :
Mr. Calvin Musk, CEO at Calvin Industries Cooperation
Date of Laboratory Experiment: Thursday, February 9th, 2023
Department :
Calvin's Health Organization : Department of Public Health Authoritarian at Calvin Industries
A cell is a mixture of water, ions, and other solutes just like a solution. Therefore, in this context, we can consider a cell a solution.
and Welcome to the Calvin Industries Lab- funded and hosted by the Calvins Health Organization.
Welcome to the Calvin Industries lab room. Today, we will be experimenting with various solutes and solvents to experiment with osmotic pressure, and how they connect to the human body. We will be experimenting today with an egg, and 3 different solutions; water, syrup, and vinegar. We will be using an egg as it simulates a cell, and acts as a solution. An egg consists of various proteins, fats, water, and other suspended and dissolved components within the egg. Therefore, this makes the egg a solution. Through this special lab report by Calvins Health Organization; we'll be learning more on Cells and Systems, and its connection with our previous unit of Mix and Flow of Matter.
In this experiment, we will be better understand the process of diffusion, specifically, osmosis and how they relate to the human body; specifically the alveoli, the small intestine, and the large intestine. Osmosis is the movement of water mainly from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. We can see this in the process of photosynthesis, and in the alveoli where oxygen diffuses into capillaries into the blood stream. We can also see this in the small intestine where nutrients diffuses through the villi into the blood-stream. In this experiment, we will be looking into how exactly osmosis works through the cells membranes; the part that connects the cell from the inside, and the outside, and we will be looking at how exactly our body works with this concept to bring nutrients into our blood, and oxygen. We can already assume that a substance where a majority of its contents is water will be absorbed by the egg through osmosis, and where a substance where a majority of its content is sugar or solute will cause the egg to have an opposite reverse effect where the egg releases water. If a solution's solute concentration is greater than the solute concentration in an egg, the egg will act as a hypotonic solution and water will move into the egg. On the other hand, if a solution's solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration in an egg, the egg will behave like a hypertonic solution and water will leak out. When the cell is hypotonic to the surrounding fluid, there is a higher concentration of water molecules within the cell compared to the surrounding fluids. When the channels open, we can see that particles will diffuse across the membrane, and the concentration of particles will eventually balance out through osmosis. Within 15 seconds, we'll see the water molecules and solute moving across the membrane from the high concentration to the lower concentration side.
Hypertonic
Osmosis usually works as water moves from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution. In syrup, the majority of its contents is sugar as water only makes up 30-50% of syrup. However, an egg on the other hand is composed of mainly 70-75% of water, meaning there is a higher water concentration in the egg. Therefore, according to osmosis, water will flow from the egg into syrup ( high - low concentration).
Hypotonic
Water is compared to be a hyportonic solution compared to an egg. According to osmosis, that means that water will flow into the egg because there is more water content in water itself, compared to an egg. Therefore, according to osmoisis, water will flow from an area of high concentration (water) into an area of lower concentration (egg).
Hypotonic
89-95% of vinegar is water, compared to 70-75% of an egg which is consisting of water. Therefore, vinegar is a hypotonic solution compared to the egg, and vinegar will start to dissolve the egg with its acetic acid as water enters the egg through osmosis; water from a higher concentration (vinegar) enters an area of lower concentration (the egg).
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