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This section describes the scope of work and technical prerequisites of the TAPI interface from Matrix42 Software Asset and Service Management, the so-called Matrix42 Call Tracker. It also shows the installation procedure and background information for the TAPI interface of this tool.

For more information about the TAPI interface, see Telephony Application Programming Interfaces and Microsoft Telephony API Wiki.

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Cellular telephones are radio transmitters and receivers, much like a walkie-talkie. However, the cell phone communicates only with a repeater inside a nearby cell tower installation. At that installation, the devices take in all cell calls in its geographic area and repeat them out to other cell installations which repeat the signals onward to their destination telephone (either by radio or landline wires). Radio is used also to transmit a caller's voice/data back to the receiver's cell telephone. The two-way duplex phone conversation then exists via these interconnections.

To make all that work correctly, the system allows automatic increases and decreases in transmitter power (for the individual cell phone and for the tower repeater, too) so that only the minimum transmit power is used to complete and hold the call active, "on", and allows the users to hear and be heard continuously during the conversation. The goal is to hold the call active but use the least amount of transmitting power, mainly to conserve batteries and be efficient. The tower system will sense when a cell phone is not coming in clearly and will order the cell phone to boost transmit power. The user has no control over this boosting; it may occur for a split second or for the whole conversation. If the user is in a remote location, the power boost may be continuous. In addition to carrying voice or data, the cell phone also transmits data about itself automatically, and that is boosted or not as the system detects need.

A Stingray closely resembles a portable cellphone tower. Typically, law enforcement officials place the Stingray in their vehicle with a compatible computer software. The Stingray acts as a cellular tower to send out signals to get the specific device to connect to it. Cell phones are programmed to connect with the cellular tower offering the best signal. When the phone and Stingray connect, the computer system determines the strength of the signal and thus the distance to the device. Then, the vehicle moves to another location and sends out signals until it connects with the phone. When the signal strength is determined from enough locations, the computer system centralizes the phone and is able to find it.

GSM primarily encrypts communications content using the A5/1 call encryption cypher. In 2008 it was reported that a GSM phone's encryption key can be obtained using $1,000 worth of computer hardware and 30 minutes of cryptanalysis performed on signals encrypted using A5/1.[34] However, GSM also supports an export weakened variant of A5/1 called A5/2. This weaker encryption cypher can be cracked in real-time.[32] While A5/1 and A5/2 use different cypher strengths, they each use the same underlying encryption key stored on the SIM card.[33] Therefore, the StingRay performs "GSM Active Key Extraction"[31] during step three of the man-in-the-middle attack as follows: (1) instruct target device to use the weaker A5/2 encryption cypher, (2) collect A5/2 encrypted signals from target device, and (3) perform cryptanalysis of the A5/2 signals to quickly recover the underlying stored encryption key.[35] Once the encryption key is obtained, the StingRay uses it to comply with the encryption request made to it by the service provider during the man-in-the-middle attack.[35]

However, the signal coverage area of a given cell site may change according to the time of day, weather, and physical obstructions in relation to where a cellular device attempts to access service. The maps of cell site coverage areas used by law enforcement may also lack precision as a general matter. For these reasons, it is beneficial to use a StingRay and a test phone to map out the precise coverage areas of all cell sites appearing in the HCSLI records. This is typically done at the same time of day and under the same weather conditions that were in effect when the HCSLI was logged. Using a StingRay to conduct base station surveys in this manner allows for mapping out cell site coverage areas that more accurately match the coverage areas that were in effect when the cellular device was used.

Police in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, admitted after much speculation across the country that they had made use of a Stingray device[49] provided by the RCMP. They also stated that they intended to make use of such devices in the future. Two days later, a statement by Edmonton's police force had been taken as confirming their use of the devices, but they said later that they did not mean to create what they called a miscommunication.[50]

Beginning around 2018 and over the next several years until 2023, the ACLU and the Center for Human Rights and Privacy were able to obtain, through both Freedom of Information Act requests and other legal channels, several copies of various NDAs between some of America's largest police departments and the Harris Corporation, the primary American manufacturer of the Stingray Machine, and its latest upgrade the HailStorm Machine.[69] The NDAs revealed that the FBI has often intervened directly in state criminal trials to protect the confidentiality of any information relating to the Harris Corporation. In fact, NDA between the Harris Corporation and Police Departments in San Diego, Chicago, Miami, Indianapolis, Tucson, and many others include a contractual clause that reads: "In the event that the San Diego Police Department receives a request pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act... or any equivalent state or local law, the civil or criminal discovery process, or other judicial, legislative, or administrative process, to disclose information concerning the Harris Corporation wireless collection equipment/technology... the San Diego Police Department will notify the FBI of any such request telephonically and in writing in order to allow sufficient time for the FBI to seek to prevent disclosure through appropriate channels..."[70][71] This language is repeated identically in virtually all of the NDAs between the Harris Corporation and major police departments that have been disclosed since 2015.

In recent years, legal scholars, public interest advocates, legislators and several members of the judiciary have strongly criticized the use of this technology by law enforcement agencies. Critics have called the use of the devices by government agencies warrantless cell phone tracking, as they have frequently been used without informing the court system or obtaining a warrant.[2] The Electronic Frontier Foundation has called the devices "an unconstitutional, all-you-can-eat data buffet."[72]

This document describes Call Tracker outputs. Call Tracker is a subsystem used to capture detailed data on the progress and status of calls, from the time the network access server receives a setup request or allocates a channel, until a call is rejected, terminated, or otherwise disconnected.

The data captured in the Call Tracker is maintained within the Call Tracker database tables and is accessible through Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Command-Line Interface (CLI), or SYSLOG. Session information for all active calls and calls in the setup state is stored in an active table, while records for disconnected calls are moved to a history table. Call Tracker is notified of applicable call events by related subsystems such as ISDN, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), Content Switch Module (CSM), Modem, Exec, or TCP-Clear. SNMP traps are generated at the start of each call when an entry is created in the active table and at the end of each call when an entry is created in the history table. Call Record SYSLOGs are available through configurations that generate detailed information records for all call terminations. This information can be sent to SYSLOG servers for permanent storage and future analysis.

The status and diagnostic data that is routinely collected from MICA modems is expanded to include new link statistics for active calls, such as the attempted transmit and receive rates, the maximum and minimum transmit and receive rates, and locally and remotely issued retrains and speedshift counters. This connection data is polled from the modem at user-defined intervals and passed to Call Tracker.

Note: Because they can generate similar SYSLOG output, do not enable Call Tracker and modem call-record terse at the same time. This action can result in duplicate entries for the same call.

Note: The modem link-info poll time command consumes a significant amount of memory, approximately 500 bytes for each MICA modem call. Use this command only if you require the specific data that it collects.

This trap came from the host 172.22.35.14 and the ct_hndl assigned to the call is 1. With the ct_hndl, it is possible to poll further information from the active table as described in the SNMP section. The uptime of the host when the call arrived was Timeticks: (119447) 0:19:54.47.

The trap in this example came from the host 172.22.35.14. The original ct_hndl number in this case is 1, and the entry in the history table (value returned) is 1. These numbers must always be the same, but this cannot be guaranteed. You can use the number returned to get any further information about the call from the history table as described in the SNMP section. 2351a5e196