Nitrogen is in the 5A group of elements and supplies 5 valence electrons for bonding. Because of this, Nitrogen readily bonds with many other elements, including itself. Most Nitrogen exists as inert Nâ‚‚ gas.
Based on it's position on the periodic table, we can see that Nitrogen is part of the P block which implies that its valence electrons terminate in the P orbitals. It is in the second row, so it has an energy level of 2. The full electron diagram of N is seen above.Â
Because of Hund's Rule, each 2p orbital (2px, 2py, and 2pz, drawn as 3 separate boxes above) each have one electron before any of them are fully occupied.
When S and P orbitals from one Nitrogen overlap with each other, they share the electrons in "chemical bonds". S orbitals overlap in sigma (σ) bonds, while P orbitals overlap in pi (π) bonds. This forms a very stable bond.
Atomic Weight: 14.00674
Melting Point: 63.15 K (-210.00°C or -346.00°F)
Boiling Point: 77.36 K (-195.79°C or -320.44°F)
Density: 0.0012506 grams per cubic centimeter
Because of the strong triple bond that Nâ‚‚ forms, it doesn't react with many other chemicals. This makes supercooled liquid nitrogen useful for rapid freezing, which is used by some ice cream makers.
While lifeforms on this planet require both oxygen and carbon dioxide extracted from the air, what we breath in is mostly nitrogen gas. Most of this nitrogen gas comes in and out of our lungs without interacting with any tissue or chemicals.Â
Some Nâ‚‚ gas does dissolve into our blood stream, but it exists at such low concentrations that it doesn't form bubbles. If you were to go to great pressures, like while Scuba diving, the concentration of Nâ‚‚ in the blood can increase. If you ascend the water too quickly, this increased Nâ‚‚ concentration can decompress and actually bubble out of the blood. This condition, known as the Bends, can cause permanent nerve damage, blood clotting, and death.Â
When those compressed waves hit your ear drum (like in the form of moving Nâ‚‚ molecules), they move a small set of bones in your ear that amplify the frequency of those waves in your cochlea (the blue tube on the left). Inside of the cochlea are little hairs, or cilia, that pick up particular frequencies. When these are stimulated, they send a nerve impulse to your brain which you perceive as sound.
The more hairs in your ear, the better.
If you pump too much energy at one frequency into your cochlea, those cilia can become permanently bent. Your brain will first hear this as a persistent ringing (like after a loud concert) known as tinnitus. If the cilia don't recover, our brains adapt and tune that frequency out forever.Â
The older you get, the more frequencies you lose the ability to hear. How many frequencies can you still hear?
Bass is the foundation of almost all good music. If you are master of the 4 string instrument, you've got yourself a position in almost any band. Some scientists suspect that our love for bass starts from conception. What do you think?
According to this New York Times analysis, the music we listen to as teens is what we love for the rest of our lives. The researcher used Spotify analytics to look for certain listening patterns among age groups that are persistent today. According to this, Smith should be a big fan of Clint Eastwood by the Gorillaz; this study might be on to something.
A lot of students prefer to listen to music while they study (or even during lecture, to tune out Mr. Smith). A Stanford School of Medicine Study (2007) Â tracked brain activity using MRI scans to determine the impact of musical patterns on specific brain waves. Ultimately, they noticed that our brains keen in on specific rhythms that help us sense and predict patterns. When that pattern is disrupted, it can disrupt our thinking.
"Having a mismatch between what listeners expect to hear vs. what they actually hear - for example, if an unrelated chord follows an ongoing harmony - triggers similar ventral regions of the brain. Once activated, that region partitions the deviant chord as a different segment with distinct boundaries."
That Stanford Study (2007) is quoted all over the place for justifying one type of music over another for studying. Additional studies from Imperial College London found that certain genres affect genders differently, with men more likely to lose concentration when listening to rock music, but more likely to focus when listening to classical. Women in the study were not negatively impacted by the same music.Â
There are some studies that show a quiet environment is preferred for deep concentration or that white noise can be optimal for mental focus. Alternatively, sometimes music with no vocals is recommended over actual music with vocals. You could find a study that supports rap being bad for brain development, and conversely rap being good for studying.
We as humans have a huge variety of preferences and tastes, and in turn, optimal study music is hugely subjective. The best music for studying depends on your mood and your taste. If someone tells you to turn down your tunes, be prepared to show them the science that supports your brain waves!
Show us (at least) your 5 favorite albums/artists with album art or videos. Music is strongly linked to memory; try to link them to a timeline in your life.
Make a Youtube Playlist using (at least) 5 songs. While you can choose to include anything, Smith would prefer you include an instrumental only playlist for streaming during class. PLEASE MAKE THE PLAYLIST WITH YOUR PERSONAL GMAIL, LAUSD account playlists are unavailable for grading.
1: Daft Punk - I Feel It Coming (Instrumental)
2: Daft Punk - Around the World (Instrumental)
3: Daft Punk ft. Pharrell - Get Lucky (Instrumental)
4: Daft Punk - Something About Us (Instrumental)
5: Dark Punk - Digital Love (Instrumental)
6: Daft Punk - One More Time (Instrumental)
7: David Guetta Ft. Kid Cudi - Memories (Instrumental)*
8: Daft Punk - Aerodynamic*
*Form request
**Your playlist doesn't need to be one artist, my example just happened to be**
I don't want you to sing, but your voice is music enough to my ears.
Make a short audio/video clip using OBS (Open Broadcasting Software) or Screencastify (screencastify.com) that is at least 30 seconds long. Include a pronunciation of your name and a small reading of one of the parts of this page. Check the VOD above for video directions.
Upload the video you make to Drive or Youtube and embed the video here.