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Each unmarked corner is a carbon. Can you count all 6 carbons in Glucose?
Cellulose is a polymer of Glucose.
Cellulose is a polymer of Glucose.
Plants take in CO2, and use the energy from photons of light to break up those bonds and form higher energy C-C bonds. After more chemical reactions take place in the Calvin Cycle within the plant, the plant synthesizes Glucose. Plants link up thousands of Glucose molecules to make Cellulose. Cellulose makes up the fiber we eat, the bark on trees, and the material in paper.
Plants take in CO2, and use the energy from photons of light to break up those bonds and form higher energy C-C bonds. After more chemical reactions take place in the Calvin Cycle within the plant, the plant synthesizes Glucose. Plants link up thousands of Glucose molecules to make Cellulose. Cellulose makes up the fiber we eat, the bark on trees, and the material in paper.
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
The average Cellulose molecule is 6000 units of Glucose.
Human digestive tracks are unable to break down these polymer bonds.
In chemistry, saccharide is another word for "sugar." Cellulose is a polysaccharide.
In chemistry, saccharide is another word for "sugar." Cellulose is a polysaccharide.
Here are some of the mono-saccharides (think mono = one!) Glucose is the primary monosaccharide our body metabolizes, but the chemical structures of other saccharides only differ in a few atoms and can be rapidly converted to Glucose in the body.
Fructose is a monosaccharide produced in fruit, and it gets metabolized a little differently than Glucose, usually in the liver.
Mono = 1; Di = 2; Tri = 3; Poly = 4+
Mono = 1; Di = 2; Tri = 3; Poly = 4+
Lactose is a disaccharide.
Lactose is a disaccharide.
People with Lactose intolerance don't have enough enzymes to break this down into the monosaccharide pieces of Galactose and Glucose. Instead, tiny microbes get to eat on Lactose, which in turn produce methane gas responsible for other digestional issues.
Sucrose is a disaccharide.
Sucrose is a disaccharide.
Sucrose is the molecule that makes up granulated table sugar. Sucrose is a natural 50/50 combo of Fructose and Glucose. Hi-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) is 55% Fructose/45% Glucose. Both HFCS and Sucrose are added in a lot of foods we eat. The huge amount of Fructose we consume in the Standard American Diet (SAD) has been shown to be responsible for a number of our national dietary issues.
Cellulose is a polysaccharide
Cellulose is a polysaccharide
Cellulose is polymer of Glucose that plants produce to make their cell well more sturdy and rigid. On the macro scale, this ultimately becomes the hard shelled bark that protects a tree. Humans do not produce the enzyme needed to break down Cellulose into Glucose, so it passes through our digestive system as fiber.
Saccharides have a lot of polar chemical bonds that attract water. Because these carbon-compounds are often found in a hydrated environment, saccharidges are also known as "Carbohydrates".
Saccharides have a lot of polar chemical bonds that attract water. Because these carbon-compounds are often found in a hydrated environment, saccharidges are also known as "Carbohydrates".
Glucose is overwhelmed by his Water stans. What a chad.
Foods rich in carbohydrates. Yes, even the paper bag is a carb (Cellulose)
Cellulose is the structural carbohydrate that gives plants their strength.
Cellulose is the structural carbohydrate that gives plants their strength.
Long chains of Cellulose are supported by hydrogen bonds to produce strong microfibrils in plant cell walls. Cellulose is the material that gives bark its rigid and resilient characteristics.
The specific composition of fibrils, including cellulose and pectin, will vary between species of plants. Cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50%, and that of dried hemp is approximately 57%. Cellulose is considered the most abundant organic polymer on Earth.
Plants make Glucose from CO2 and water in the Calvin Cycle (part of photosynthesis) using the enzyme RuBisCO
Plants use some of that Glucose for energy, while some gets diverted into other pathways, including the synthesis of Cellulose.
Cellulose Synthase (the Enzyme pictured below) sits in the plasma membrane and spins together cellulose fibers that will support the cell wall
Cellulose is chemically stable. The enzyme Cellulase, which breaks down Cellulose, is not synthesized by any vertebrates.
Cellulose is chemically stable. The enzyme Cellulase, which breaks down Cellulose, is not synthesized by any vertebrates.
Mammals that can break down cellulose for nutritional energy are known as ruminants. These animals must first ferment their food in special parts of the stomach, and typically regurgitate their cud before reingestion. The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ruminare, which means "to chew over again". The many species of ruminants, including bovines, goats, sheep, giraffes, deer, gazelles, and antelopes, owe their digestive success to the microflora in the rumen that produce the enzyme Cellulase needed to break down Cellulose.
Starch
Starch
α-bonds
α-bonds
Cellulose
Cellulose
β-bonds
β-bonds
Plants produce multiple polymers of Glucose. Cellulose and Starch are both branching polymers of Glucose, and on the chemical level they differ exclusively by the bond between units.
Plants produce multiple polymers of Glucose. Cellulose and Starch are both branching polymers of Glucose, and on the chemical level they differ exclusively by the bond between units.
The bond between the 1 Carbon on one Glucose and the 4 Carbon on another Glucose is known as a glycosidic bond. The enzymes that produce starch in plants form alpha-bonds, while the enzymes that are responsible for producing Cellulose link them as beta-glycosidic links. Humans have the ability to break down alpha bonds in our gut, allowing us access to massive energy storage in the form of hundreds of Glucose molecules per starch unit. The ~6000 units of Glucose balled up in Cellulose is unable to be broken down by normal humans and forms most of the mass of our feces.
Fiber supplements are increasingly popular as people try to keep their GI tract regular with modern diets
Fiber supplements are increasingly popular as people try to keep their GI tract regular with modern diets
According to some sources, the Fiber Supplement market size was valued at USD 11.3 billion in 2021 with an upward trend in profitability. Fiber collects in human stool and helps our digestive tract keep moving things along. Without enough fiber in the diet, human feces production can be irregular or slow down significantly. Older people tend to view their bathroom rituals as a daily checkup; if something is wrong on the toilet, something might be wrong with the body (or so it is thought). For these reasons, psyllium husk and prunes are the senior home MVP for keeping patients regular.
Cellulose makes up far more than just 💩💩💩
Cellulose makes up far more than just 💩💩💩
Cellulose applications have had a massive impact on human history.
Cellulose applications have had a massive impact on human history.
Cotton is high in Cellulose (up to 90% by mass) and allows us to make resilient and flexible clothing. Cotton cultivation has been documented since 800 AD.
Cellophane, produced by treating Cellulose with sulfuric acid, was once more popular. Replaced mostly with polypropylene plastic, cellophane is a biosourced alternative with fewer environmental impacts.
Paper is mostly Cellulose, and the advent of written language is what many anthropologists would call the hallmark of our species.
Human history lives within the text that our ancestors have left for us to transcribe. In that way, the history of paper is also the history of humanity.
Human history lives within the text that our ancestors have left for us to transcribe. In that way, the history of paper is also the history of humanity.
Egyptians are credited for first using papyrus, scrolls made of the material from the stem of the papyrus plant. The invention of modern paper is credited to Ts'ai Lun, a Chinese court official in the city of Lei-Yang. Ts'ai mixed bark, hemp and rags with water, mashed it into pulp, pressed out the liquid and hung the thin mat to dry in the sun. The practice of making paper spread across the world.
Leonardo Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man is "justly ranked among the all-time iconic images of Western civilization". (1) He used pen and paper for his depiction of ideal human proportions in the Renaissance Era, c. 1490
Some fonts, notably Papyrus and Comic Sans, have been historically reviled by graphic designers who argue those typefaces should NEVER be used on paper
Some fonts, notably Papyrus and Comic Sans, have been historically reviled by graphic designers who argue those typefaces should NEVER be used on paper
While the digital age has seen a decrease in paper usage, some important documents are still shared on those thin pieces of cellulose: resumes and CVs
While the digital age has seen a decrease in paper usage, some important documents are still shared on those thin pieces of cellulose: resumes and CVs
Leonardo Da Vinci is credited for submitting the first official "resume" in 1482, a single piece of paper sent to the Duke of Milan listing out all of his accomplishments.
Your resume should include all of your applicable education and work history. Your CV, or "Curriculum Vitae" is a more comprehensive list of all of your academic accomplishments, skills, and honors.
Many colleges require the official paper copy of your transcripts from all of your previous schools.
Many colleges require the official paper copy of your transcripts from all of your previous schools.
Yale University historian George W. Pierson writes: "According to tradition the first grades issued at Yale (and possibly the first in the country) were given out in the year 1785, when President Ezra Stiles, after examining 58 Seniors, recorded in his diary that there were 'Twenty Optimi, sixteen second Optimi, twelve Inferiores (Boni), ten Pejores.'"[3] Yale later converted these adjectives into numbers on a 4-point scale, and some historians say this is the origin of the standard modern American GPA scale.[4]
Each school adheres to slightly different GPA rules. UCLA used the (+/-) system with a GPA cap of 4.0. Quarter credits (UC) and semester credits (CSU) are also scaled differently.
College-level courses in high school are given a "weighted" GPA that adds an additional 1.0 to each letter. Colleges typically cap GPA at 4.0.
Cellulose OC (25 points + 5 EC)
Cellulose OC (25 points + 5 EC)
Kanye dropped out. The School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC) awarded and then revoked an honorary doctorate. Easy come, easy go.
You keep it going man, you keep those books rollingYou pick up all those books that your going to readAnd not remember and you roll, manYou get that associate degree, okay
Then you get your bachelors, then you get your mastersThen you get your master's mastersThen you get your doctorine, you go, manAnd then when everybody says quitYou show them those degrees, man
When everybody says, "HeyYou're not working, you're not making any money"You say, "You look at my degrees and you look at my lifeYeah, I'm fifty two, so what, hate all you want
But I'm smart, I'm so smart, and I'm in schoolThese guys are out here making money all these waysAnd I'm spendin' mine to be smart, you know why?Because when I die, buddy, You know what's going to keep me warm, that's right, those degrees. -School Spirit 2
Then you get your bachelors, then you get your mastersThen you get your master's mastersThen you get your doctorine, you go, manAnd then when everybody says quitYou show them those degrees, man
When everybody says, "HeyYou're not working, you're not making any money"You say, "You look at my degrees and you look at my lifeYeah, I'm fifty two, so what, hate all you want
But I'm smart, I'm so smart, and I'm in schoolThese guys are out here making money all these waysAnd I'm spendin' mine to be smart, you know why?Because when I die, buddy, You know what's going to keep me warm, that's right, those degrees. -School Spirit 2
Alumni of BPB who receive a bachelor's (BS) degree often go on to get a masters (MA) or doctorate (PHD)
Some people will tell you that some college degrees are about as useful as toilet paper. Both are made of the same cellulose fibers, the difference between those sheets of paper is YOU. Document your own grades and educational history so that you ensure your diploma and your future degrees don't amount to $h@t
(5 points) Make a GPA transcript spreadsheet that includes all of the appropriate calculations for determining your GPA. In your spreadsheet, you must include (1) class titles, (2) credits, (3) grades, (4) grade points, (5) GPA
(5 points) Make a GPA transcript spreadsheet that includes all of the appropriate calculations for determining your GPA. In your spreadsheet, you must include (1) class titles, (2) credits, (3) grades, (4) grade points, (5) GPA
UCLAtranscript.pdfAVCtranscript.pdfAll of your past grades can be accessed via an LAUSD transcript request via this form. You may need this form to request these transcripts in the future!
All of your past grades can be accessed via an LAUSD transcript request via this form. You may need this form to request these transcripts in the future!
(5 points) Find an alumni of your dream school (that you listed on your homepage). Survey them on their performance on the following metrics (1 pt each). Search up the "average applicant scores" for that school and compare your alumni with the average (1 pt)
(5 points) Find an alumni of your dream school (that you listed on your homepage). Survey them on their performance on the following metrics (1 pt each). Search up the "average applicant scores" for that school and compare your alumni with the average (1 pt)
(1 ) GPA
(1 ) GPA
(2) SAT
(2) SAT
(3) ACT
(3) ACT
(4) Class Ranking
(4) Class Ranking
Smith's UCLA Stats + Tests (do this for your alumni + school). Don't copy this section!
Need an alumni? Mrs. Steinert and Ms. Montez can put you in touch with some alumni at various unis
UCLA Freshmen applications are insane. It is now the most applied to school in the world. In Fall of 22, they had a total of 174,914 applicants: 149,815 from prospective freshmen and 25,099 from students hoping to transfer in their junior year.
Applications have gone up significantly since my own matriculation in 2009. My 3.90 community college GPA and the smaller transfer applicant pool is what got me there.
Without the SAT/ACT, I was depending on my personal statement and my GPA to secure my position. Transfer statistics are far more favorable, which worked in my favor.
There are a ton of graduate programs and credentials to aspire for. Some of the bigger and more often taken exams are listed below:
(5 points) - Survey someone outside of Room 65 who has taken a post-graduate exam.
(5 points) - Survey someone outside of Room 65 who has taken a post-graduate exam.
Ask your alumni or another graduate student that has taken a post graduate exam about their experience. Explicity ask the following questions
(1) What was their performance on any of the exams based on percentiles?
(1) What did do to prepare?
(1) Did they feel like they did well?
(1), Did it help them get into the program they needed it for?
(1) Would they would recommend you taking it/going down that career path?
A sample of various professional graduate exams. Find out if your alumni has taken any of these.
GRE
GMAT
LSAT
MCAT
DAT
PCAT
OAT
NCLEX
CBEST
CSET
edTPA
NBCT
Teachers must take multiple tests to verify they know what they are talking about. All teachers must first complete a CBEST (basic Reading/Math/Writing), a CSET for their subject matter (Science/Chemistry for me), and submit a edTPA portfolio to be state certified.
(2 points) Make a copy of the Sylmar HS Brag sheet, and fill it out (1) and embed it in your site (2) If you want a future letter of recommendation from Smith, include your brag sheet and Site with the request.
(2 points) Make a copy of the Sylmar HS Brag sheet, and fill it out (1) and embed it in your site (2) If you want a future letter of recommendation from Smith, include your brag sheet and Site with the request.
(3 points) Include evidence of your rice lab with at least (1) picture of your rice cooking setup, (2) a picture of your temperature data, (3) include your .CMBL Logger Pro data. Include your results and what you believed was the optimal rice:water ratio.
Rice Setup
Lab Data
CMBL file down
Trade Cellulose
For Cellulose
Cellulose for Cellulose for Cellulose Extra Credit (5 PTS)
Cellulose for Cellulose for Cellulose Extra Credit (5 PTS)
Purchase up to $5 of cleaning supplies (Paper towels preferred) for 5 points of EC. A picture of your donation to Smith MUST BE EMBEDDED on the site for credit. Receipt for supplies is suggested!
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