Brain Games For Adults Download

Federal guidelines recommend that all adults get at least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of physical activity each week. Walking is a good start. You can also join programs that teach you to move safely and prevent falls, which can lead to brain and other injuries. Check with your health care provider if you haven't been active and want to start a vigorous exercise program.

Volunteers are needed for clinical trials that are testing different forms of exercise for cognitive health. By joining one of these studies, you may learn new ways to be physically active and also contribute useful information to help other older adults in the future! To learn more, visit the Alzheimers.gov Clinical Trials Finder to search for a trial in your area.

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Being intellectually engaged may benefit the brain. People who engage in personally meaningful activities, such as volunteering or hobbies, say they feel happier and healthier. Learning new skills may improve your thinking ability, too. For example, one study found that older adults who learned quilting or digital photography had more memory improvement than those who only socialized or did less cognitively demanding activities. Some of the research on engagement in activities such as music, theater, dance, and creative writing has shown promise for improving quality of life and well-being in older adults, from better memory and self-esteem to reduced stress and increased social interaction.

However, a recent, comprehensive report reviewing the design and findings of these and other studies did not find strong evidence that these types of activities have a lasting, beneficial effect on cognition. Additional research is needed, and in large numbers of diverse older adults, to be able to say definitively whether these activities may help reduce decline or maintain healthy cognition.

Some scientists have argued that such activities may protect the brain by establishing "cognitive reserve." They may help the brain become more adaptable in some mental functions so it can compensate for age-related brain changes and health conditions that affect the brain.

Some types of cognitive training conducted in a research setting also seem to have benefits. For the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) trial, healthy adults 65 and older participated in 10 sessions of memory training, reasoning training, or processing-speed training. The sessions improved participants' mental skills in the area in which they were trained with evidence suggesting these benefits persisted for two years.

Be wary of claims that playing certain computer and online games can improve your memory and other types of thinking as evidence to back up such claims is evolving. There is currently not enough evidence available to suggest that computer-based brain training applications offered commercially have the same impact on cognitive abilities as the ACTIVE study training. NIA and other organizations are supporting research to determine whether different types of cognitive training have lasting effects.

Connecting with other people through social activities and community programs can keep your brain active and help you feel less isolated and more engaged with the world around you. Participating in social activities may lower the risk for some health problems and improve well-being.

So, visit with family and friends. Consider volunteering for a local organization or join a group focused on a hobby you enjoy. Join a walking group with other older adults. Check out programs available through your Area Agency on Aging, senior center, or other community organizations. Increasingly, there are groups that meet online too, providing a way to connect from home with others who share your interests or to get support.

It's important to prevent or seek treatment for these health problems. They affect your brain as well as your body and receiving treatment for other conditions may help prevent or delay cognitive decline or thinking problems.

Some drugs and combinations of medicines can affect a person's thinking and the way the brain works. For example, certain ones can cause confusion, memory loss, hallucinations, and delusions in older adults.

Medicines can also interact with food, dietary supplements, alcohol, and other substances. Some of these interactions can affect how your brain functions. Drugs that can harm older adults' cognition include:

A number of studies link eating certain foods with keeping the brain healthy and suggest that other foods can increase health risk. For example, high-fat and high-sodium foods can lead to health problems, such as heart disease and diabetes, that can harm the brain.

Drinking too much alcohol affects the brain by slowing or impairing communication among brain cells. This can lead to slurred speech, fuzzy memory, drowsiness, and dizziness. Long-term effects may include changes in balance, memory, emotions, coordination, and body temperature. Staying away from alcohol can reverse some of these changes.

Primary intracranial tumors of the brain structures, including meninges, are rare with an overall five-year survival rate of 33.4%; they are collectively called primary brain tumors. Proven risk factors for these tumors include certain genetic syndromes and exposure to high-dose ionizing radiation. Primary brain tumors are classified by histopathologic criteria and immunohistochemical data. The most common symptoms of these tumors are headache and seizures. Diagnosis of a suspected brain tumor is dependent on appropriate brain imaging and histopathology. The imaging modality of choice is gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. There is no specific pathognomonic feature on imaging that differentiates between primary brain tumors and metastatic or nonneoplastic disease. In cases of suspected or pathologically proven metastatic disease, chest and abdomen computed tomography may be helpful, although determining the site of the primary tumor is often difficult, especially if there are no clinical clues from the history and physical examination. Using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to search for a primary lesion is not recommended because of low specificity for differentiating a neoplasm from benign or inflammatory lesions. Treatment decisions are individualized by a multidisciplinary team based on tumor type and location, malignancy potential, and the patient's age and physical condition. Treatment often includes a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. After craniotomy, patients should be followed closely for complications, including deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, intracranial bleeding, wound infection, systemic infection, seizure, depression, worsening neurologic status, and adverse drug reaction. Hospice and palliative care should be offered when appropriate throughout treatment.

Primary intracranial tumors arising from the meninges, neuroepithelial tissues, pituitary and related structures, cranial nerves, germ cells, blood-forming organs, or a distant subclinical primary tumor are known collectively as primary brain tumors. These tumors in adults are rare with an estimated 23,380 new cases diagnosed in 2014, leading to 14,320 deaths; these accounted for 1.4% of all new cases of cancer and 2.4% of all cancer deaths. The incidence of a new brain tumor is 6.4 per 100,000 persons per year with an overall five-year survival rate of 33.4%. The peak prevalence is between 55 and 64 years of age, with a slightly higher incidence in men than in women. There is an approximate 0.6% lifetime risk of being diagnosed with brain or other nervous system cancer.1

The World Health Organization classifies primary brain tumors based on histopathologic criteria and immunohistochemical data; a malignancy grade is also assigned to tumors, defined by a combination of morphological features, growth patterns, and molecular profile (Table 2).6,7 Nonmalignant tumors of the meninges (meningiomas) and tumors of the pituitary gland are often included. When they are included, they account for 50% of primary brain tumors. Glioblastomas, associated with higher malignancy grade and poor prognosis, account for only 15% of primary brain tumors when these nonmalignant tumors are included.6

Clinical signs and symptoms of primary brain tumors may be general or focal. General symptoms, such as headache and seizures, are due to increased intracranial pressure.8 Focal symptoms, such as unilateral weakness or personality changes, are due to tissue destruction or compression of specialized regions (Table 3).9 Initial symptoms of low-grade tumors or initial stages of disease are often focal, progressing to generalized symptoms as the tumor increases in size and spreads.10,11

The headache associated with a tumor is classically thought of as severe, worse in the morning, and occurring with nausea and vomiting. However, patients with a brain tumor more often report a bifrontal, tension-type headache.12 In addition, a chronic, persistent headache with nausea, vomiting, seizures, changes in headache pattern, neurologic symptoms, or positional worsening should prompt an evaluation for brain tumor.13 Cognitive dysfunction (e.g., language, attention, executive functioning) is common in persons with brain tumors and may be caused by the tumor, tumor-related epilepsy, treatment, psychological distress, or a combination of these factors. General neurologic symptoms may progress to encephalopathy and dementia, which may be the presenting symptoms.14 When a tumor is suspected, funduscopy and a focused neurologic examination should be performed in addition to the history and physical examination. This examination should include an assessment of mental status; cranial nerves; and motor, sensory, and cerebellar function.

Diagnosis of a suspected brain tumor is dependent on appropriate brain imaging and histopathology (eFigures A and B). Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred modality because of its resolution and enhancement with contrast agents.15,16 If MRI cannot be performed (e.g., in patients with metallic implants, embedded devices, or claustrophobia), head and spine computed tomography (CT) is acceptable, although the resolution is not as high as MRI and it cannot adequately assess lesions in the posterior fossa and spine.15 Additional imaging such as magnetic resonance perfusion, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, or fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography may be necessary for diagnosis and staging, and should be ordered only under the direction of the treating physician.16,17 Emergent imaging should be performed in patients with red flag symptoms (Table 4).18 2351a5e196