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Free Download Boxwood Blight Product Code: BP-203-W This publication provides information about boxwood blight (a fungal disease that affects boxwood plants); images of the symptoms and signs of this fungal disease and management options.

Boxwood is versatile and useful, but some in the landscape industry are afraid to use it because of the recent scares around boxwood blight. Your customers may have questions about boxwood, or they may just be ordering what they think of as alternatives. Alternatives are out there, but there is more to the boxwood story...

One of the most important things to know about boxwood is that there is no boxwood native to North America. They were all originally imported as species plants and hybridized for marketability. That is: growth speed, color, and winter resistance.

Here is the part where I burst that pillowy cloud to tell you that suffruticosa is the most susceptible to boxwood blight. The good news is that we are learning more every day about how to manage the blight.

There are alternatives to boxwood that you can offer to customers who are concerned. One such option would be Ilex crenata. This has a small leaf, with density that from a distance looks like boxwood and provides a range of cultivars that are as slow growing as boxwood. Taxus is another plant now being subbed in for Buxus because of the boxwood scare.

Boxwoods (Buxus spp.) are a popular shrub due to their low maintenance requirements and ability to prune to shape. This small to medium-sized shrub stays green year-round and typically reaches 3 to 4 feet high and wide. If left unpruned or as an informal hedge, shrubs can reach over 5 feet (Photo 2). The foliage tends to be dense. Buds that break dormancy after pruning generate new growth. This allows boxwoods to take well to regular maintenance and keep a dense shape.

Holly plants include several species with broad and spiky leaves 2 to 4 inches in length that alternate on sides of the margin. They produce inconspicuous white flowers in spring and develop red berries in later summer when male and female plants are present (Photo 4).

Yews are a narrow leaf evergreen shrub. While they stay green year-round, their leaves do not resemble the oval-shaped leaves of boxwoods as they are needlelike. Leaves are on opposite sides of the stem like boxwood (Photo 6).

This best management practices fact sheet provides guidelines for home growers of landscape boxwood to avoid introduction of the boxwood blight pathogen into a landscape or, if the disease is already present in a landscape, to manage the disease in the most effective manner and avoid spread of the disease to new locations.

Boxwood blight (also known as box blight), caused by the fungus Calonectria pseudonaviculata1, is a serious fungal disease of boxwood that results in defoliation and decline of susceptible boxwood. In Virginia boxwood blight was first identified in a nursery location in Carroll County in 2011. Once introduced to a landscape, boxwood blight is very difficult and costly to control with fungicides. The major means of spread of this disease is by movement of contaminated plant material (e.g. container or field-grown boxwood, boxwood greenery used for holiday decoration), but boxwood blight spores can also be spread on pruning tools, clothing, equipment, wildlife, and anything that might have contacted infected plants. Home growers can best protect their boxwood by following the measures listed below to avoid introduction of the disease to their landscape.

Pachysandra terminalis (Japanese spurge), Pachysandra procumbens (Allegheny spurge) and Sarcococca species (sweetbox), which are in the same family (Buxaceae) as boxwood, are also susceptible to boxwood blight and infected plants of these species could introduce the disease to a landscape. Symptoms of the disease on P. terminalis are brown leaf spots. New host plants may be identified as researchers learn more about this disease, but hosts will likely be limited to members of the Buxaceae family.

Because the boxwood blight pathogen is not well adapted to long-distance spread by long-distance air currents, the most likely entry point for the disease in a home landscape is by accidental introduction of infected plant material and/or via contaminated tools, equipment, wildlife, or domestic animals and wind-blown infected leaves. Home growers who have boxwood in the landscape should carefully adhere to the following recommendations to avoid inadvertent introduction of this devastating disease to their landscape:

When purchasing boxwood plants for transplanting to a landscape, ask nursery personnel if their boxwood are from producers participating in the Boxwood Blight Cleanliness Program( ly/46NKAo4). Production nurseries participating in this program adhere to strict management practices that minimize the chance of introduction of this disease to their nurseries and are inspected by the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (VDACS) for the presence of boxwood blight. Alink to information on the Boxwood Blight Cleanliness Program and other useful links can be found at the Virginia Boxwood Blight Task Force website ( -horticulture/boxwood-blight.html).

The boxwood blight fungus can be spread from one property to another via contaminated spray hoses, pruning tools, wheelbarrows, tarps, vehicles, clothing, shoes, lawnmowers, wildlife, domestic animals, shoes, wind-blown infected boxwood leaves, or anything to which the sticky spores of the boxwood blight fungus might adhere. In fact, boxwood blight was reported to have spread from boxwood in one landscape to another landscape in North Carolina on a spray hose used to apply insecticides for boxwood leafminer control.

Boxwood blight is a serious and contagious disease for plants in the Buxaceae family and management decisions will influence the disease progression. Although boxwood blight is serious and spreading in many communities in Virginia, boxwood remains a valuable landscape ornamental. Successful and sustainable landscaping with boxwood currently requires knowledge, attention and care. There are different management approaches for boxwood blight that can be considered, depending on the particular landscape situation and grower preferences. Outlined below are three general management options and their associated actions and/or expected outcomes (Fig. 4).

Currently some researchers are suggesting that while American boxwood is susceptible to the Boxwood Blight fungus, it may recover (i.e. produce healthy new growth) during dry weather conditions. Additionally, there have been reports of reluctance of home growers and/or landscape professionals to remove very large American boxwood infected with the boxwood blight pathogen. For these reasons, we have provided an alternative approach for infected American boxwood:

Because the fungal spores can stick to tools, equipment, etc., sanitize all tools, equipment, tarps, shoes, gloves, etc., used after removing plants to prevent spread of fungal inoculum to healthy boxwood.

For a list of fungicides labeled for use by home growers for management of boxwood blight in the landscape, refer to the Home Grounds and Animals Pest Management Guide, Home Ornamentals: Control of Ornamental Diseases section ( ext.vt.edu/456/456-018/456-018.html). Fungicide information is also provided on the Boxwood Blight Task Force website ( commercial-horticulture/boxwood-blight.html).

Keep accurate records of boxwood cultivar names and locations on your property and where and when plants were purchased (or otherwise obtained). Keep records on location(s) of any diseased boxwood that are removed. Keep records of fungicide applications, including product information and date of application.

When considering new boxwood plantings in the home landscape, choose boxwood blight-resistant cultivars which have the glossy green, evergreen foliage and growth habits valued by many Virginia home gardeners. The boxwood blight pathogen can live and produce spores on these resistant cultivars, but cultivars with resistance, even if infected, will thrive and do not show noticeable symptoms of the disease.

2 Currently there are no boxwood cultivars available that are immune to boxwood blight; however, cultivars possessing various levels of resistance to the disease have been identified and research is ongoing to rank cultivars according to their level of resistance or susceptibility.

The following BMPs are guidelines for boxwood growers to avoid introduction of the boxwood blight pathogen or, if the disease is already present, to manage the disease in the most effective manner and avoid spread of the disease to new locations. Each BMP is specialized for individual boxwood growing situations.

This decision guide is a general starting place for anyone who has landscape boxwood that have been diagnosed with Boxwood Blight. For

further details to guide your management decision we recommend 1) reading the "Expanding on the Boxwood Blight Management Decision

Guide" and 2) reviewing additional information on the Virginia Boxwood Blight Task Force website (