Objectives: To assess the consistency of electronic determination of endodontic working length obtained from four identical electronic root canal length measurement devices (ERCLMD) from five different types of ERCLMD each under various in vitro conditions.
Materials and methods: Eight extracted teeth, seven single-rooted teeth, and one molar were accessed. Root length was measured and instruments were inserted and fixed with the tip placed beyond and short of the apical constriction, in roots with an artificial perforation or an open apex. Devices tested were Root ZX (Morita, Kyoto, Japan), Dentaport ZX (Morita), Apex ID (SybronEndo, Glendora, USA), ProPex II (Dentsply Maillefer, Victoria, Australia), and Raypex 6 (VDW-Antaeos, Munich, Germany). Teeth were irrigated with different solutions (NaOCl, EDTA, CHX). ERCLMDs were connected and measurements were recorded. Consistency was classified by the scores 0-4. Comparisons were carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis test ( = 0.05). For multiple testing, the level of significance was adjusted and analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test.
Electronic Measurements And Instrumentation Pdf Free 67
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Results: Among the five types of ERCLMD, Apex ID and Raypex 6 showed the highest consistency. There was no statistically significant difference between the settings and conditions. Raypex 6 showed the highest consistency for measurements in case of a perforation.
This tutorial is meant to provide our readers conceptual knowledge about various electronic measuring instruments and how to choose a specific measuring instrument based on their requirement. There are two types of measuring instruments: one is the type of measuring instruments that show the values on the scale of the meter, and other are type of measuring instruments that displays the waveforms.
Opto-electronics combines optical and electronic material and device properties to detect, generate and control light. Opto-electronics covers a wide range of applications including LEDs, laser diodes, photodiodes and solar cells. On the one hand, electrical control of an opto-electronic device results in an optical output as in the case of LEDs. On the other hand, optically exciting a device produces an electronic signal response such as the one obtained from a photodiode. Opto-electronic devices are semiconductor-based and mainly work on the principle of direct electron-photon conversion: the semiconductor's energy gap sets the energy scale of the device's optical excitation.
The modulation frequency mainly depends on the device's mobility, on its optical properties and on the surrounding noise. The laser light can be modulated with a chopper that sets the measurement frequency in the few kHz range, ensuring that low-frequency noise does not affect the measurements. Devices such as photodetectors work at a few hundred kHz, whereas materials with high mobilities operate in the MHz range. This makes the MFLI Lock-in Amplifier an excellent choice with its operating range up to 500 kHz and its possible frequency extension to 5 MHz.
Technology has come a long way in recent years, and one of the most impressive advancements is electronic measurement and instrumentation. This article looks closely at what this technology entails and how it can be used to make measuring processes more accurate and efficient.
When taking measurements with any type of device, it is important to consider the accuracy and precision of the device. Accuracy refers to how close the measured value is to the actual value, while precision refers to how repeatable the measurements are.
The electronic measurement of physical quantities is based on converting the measured quantity into an electrical signal. Electronic instruments process this signal to provide a numerical value or display reading of the measured quantity.
Electronic instruments must be regularly calibrated and maintained to ensure reliable and accurate measurements. Calibration is adjusting an instrument to correct its readings within specified tolerances. Regular maintenance of an instrument is needed to keep it in good working order.
Various electronic measurement applications range from scientific research to industrial quality control. In scientific research, electronic measurements are used to study the behaviour of particles and waves and test theories and models. Industrial quality control applications use electronic measurements to ensure that products meet specifications and standards. Other common applications include measuring the performance of electronic devices and circuits and troubleshooting and repairing electronic equipment.
With the development of modern technology, electronic measurement instruments are becoming increasingly sophisticated and capable of providing more accurate results than ever before. Skill-Lync is an E-learning platform that offers courses in various domains, including electronics, electrical, mechanical, civil, and biomedical engineering. We offer courses on medical instrumentation, embedded systems, VLSI design, EV design etc. Join our courses to upskill in new-age technologies!
For over half a century Emerson has been your trusted partner in exploring new opportunities, boldly leading the way forward with an unparalleled portfolio of measurement and analytical instrumentation, software, integrated systems, and services. These innovative solutions provide the actionable insights you need to meet the changing demands of the process industry while reaching your safety, productivity, and sustainability goals.
The IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine covers a wide variety of topics in instrumentation, measurement and systems that measure or instrument equipment or other systems. The magazine has the goal of providing readable introductions and overviews of technology in instrumentation and measurement (IM) to a wide engineering audience. It does this through articles, tutorials, columns, and departments. Its goal is to cross disciplines to encourage further research and development in IM.
He received the M.S. in Electronic Engineering and the Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University ofCatania, Italy, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. From 1999 he performs research in the fields of sensor andinstrumentation at the DIEEI of the University of Catania.
There was a time when undergraduate physics majors took a junior-level course in Electricity and Magnetism, accompanied by a semester of laboratory work, learning to make precision electrical measurements. This laboratory experience is long gone, replaced by coursework in digital and analog electronics. Even the latter has been downplayed in favor of a course in the use of digital computers to solve problems in physics. In this article, I will discuss the course that I took as an undergraduate at Amherst College in the late 1950s and then taught as a young faculty member at Kenyon College in the late sixties. I was a participant in the demise of the E&M laboratory and the rise of the ensuing vacuum tube and digital electronics course. I will concentrate on the precision apparatus, which is presently living out its life in the dusty back shelves of apparatus closets. This may help new faculty members to answer the perennial question: It is attractive, but what is it and how was it used?
A multimeter is the most popular electronic measuring instrument which has some kinds of measurement functions included in one package. A common multimeter at least has the ability to measure current, voltage, and resistance. Based on the display, you could recognize that there are two types of multimeters available on the market. They are analog and digital. The analog type uses the needle as a moving pointer to display the measurement reading. In comparison, the digital type uses a digital display, which is mostly represented in LCD with seven segments of character type.
An ammeter (amperemeter) is an electronic measuring instrument especially used to measure the current. To do the measurement, it is a mandatory thing to connect the instrument in series connection with the circuit where the current is going to be measured. Most ammeters have really low intrinsic resistance, so that the significant voltage drop would not occur in the circuit.Based on measurement range, ammeter can be categorized as miliammeters, microammeters, or picoammeters. As the technology advances, the ammeter originally featured by the analog display is also developed with a digital display feature.
To conduct accurate low resistance measurements, the instrument needed is the precision ohm meter. It has to come with four terminals, which are called Kelvin contacts. The four-terminal measurement method is called Kelvin sensing.5. Clamp MeterA clamp meter is an instrument to measure current. It is the combination of a basic digital multimeter and a current sensor. The method to measure the current that the clamp meter provides differs from that of the typical ammeter. To measure current with it, the engineers or users only need to clamp the jaws around a wire, cable, or other electrical circuit conductors without the need to disconnect or set it to open.
Check out our top clamp meter here!6. Function GeneratorA function generator is an electronic test tool commonly used to generate various electrical waveforms with different frequencies wide range. The typically generated waveforms by function generator are the square wave, sine wave, triangular wave, and sawtooth wave. They can be set as single-shot or repetitive. The waveforms produced are different from RF signal generators or audio signal generators, which commonly generate the sine wave.
While the typical multimeter only measures voltage, current, and resistance value, an oscilloscope can give you more information regarding the voltage and current, including its waveforms graphically. From those displays, the data about amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, and distortion can then be acquired.To operate it, the user must connect a probe to one point of a circuit or component and another probe to the ground.Up till now, there are two types of oscilloscopes, which are Cathode Ray (CRO) and Digital Storage (DSO). The cathode ray is the older type, which has fewer features than the digital storage type. The digital type, as known as the modern type, has richer features that make the users more comfortable while using it. As an example, the modern model makes it possible to save the waveforms captured to the flash disk via USB connectivity.Nowadays, an oscilloscope is more portable as the handheld model allows you to carry it around on the worksite.Further reading: Top 10 Best Best Oscilloscopes Reviews 11. Frequency CounterA frequency counter is used for measuring the number of oscillation cycles of a complete electronic waveform. The use of frequency counter is vastly needed in various fields to measure the repetitive signal frequency and the time between edges of digital signals. be457b7860
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