BloodDonationBd

Types of donation

Blood donations are divided into groups based on who will receive the collected blood. An 'allogeneic' (also called 'homologous') donation is when a donor gives blood for storage at a blood bank for transfusion to an unknown recipient. A 'directed' donation is when a person, often a family member, donates blood for transfusion to a specific individual. Directed donations are relatively rare when an established supply exists.A 'replacement donor' donation is a hybrid of the two and is common in developing countries.[5] In this case, a friend or family member of the recipient donates blood to replace the stored blood used in a transfusion, ensuring a consistent supply. When a person has blood stored that will be transfused back to the donor at a later date, usually after surgery, that is called an 'autologous donation'.Blood that is used to make medications can be made from allogeneic donations or from donations exclusively used for manufacturing.

Blood is sometimes collected using similar methods for therapeutic phlebotomy, similar to the ancient practice of bloodletting, which is used to treat conditions such as hereditary hemochromatosis or polycythemia vera. This blood is sometimes treated as a blood donation, but may be immediately discarded if it cannot be used for transfusion or further manufacturing.

The actual process varies according to the laws of the country, and recommendations to donors vary according to the collecting organization. The World Health Organization gives recommendations for blood donation policies, but in developing countries many of these are not followed. For example, the recommended testing requires laboratory facilities, trained staff, and specialized reagents, all of which may not be available or too expensive in developing countries.

An event where donors come to donate allogeneic blood is sometimes called a 'blood drive' or a 'blood donor session'. These can occur at a blood bank, but they are often set up at a location in the community such as a shopping center, workplace, school, or house of worship.

Donor safety

The donor is also examined and asked specific questions about their medical history to make sure that donating blood is not hazardous to their health. The donor's hematocrit or hemoglobin level is tested to make sure that the loss of blood will not make them anemic, and this check is the most common reason that a donor is ineligible. Accepted hemoglobin levels for blood donations, by the American Red Cross, is 12.5g/dL (for females) and 13.0g/dL (for males) to 20.0g/dL, anyone with a higher or lower hemoglobin level cannot donate.[31] Pulse, blood pressure, and body temperature are also evaluated. Elderly donors are sometimes also deferred on age alone because of health concerns. In addition to age, weight and height are important factors when considering the eligibility for donors. For example, the American Red Cross requires a donor to be 110 pounds (50 kg) or more for whole blood and platelet donation and at least 130 pounds (59 kg) (males) and at least 150 pounds (68 kg) (females) for power red donations (double red erythrocytapheresis. The safety of donating blood during pregnancy has not been studied thoroughly, and pregnant women are usually deferred until six weeks after the pregnancy.

Obtaining the blood

There are two main methods of obtaining blood from a donor. The most frequent is to simply take the blood from a vein as whole blood. This blood is typically separated into parts, usually red blood cells and plasma, since most recipients need only a specific component for transfusions. A typical donation is 450 millilitres (or approximately one U.S. pint of whole blood, though 500 millilitre donations are also common. Historically, blood donors in India would donate only 250 or 350 millilitre and donors in the People's Republic of China would donate only 200 millilitres, though larger 300 and 400 millilitre donations have become more common.

The other method is to draw blood from the donor, separate it using a centrifuge or a filter, store the desired part, and return the rest to the donor. This process is called apheresis, and it is often done with a machine specifically designed for this purpose. This process is especially common for plasma, platelets, and red blood cells.

For direct transfusions a vein can be used but the blood may be taken from an artery instead.[50] In this case, the blood is not stored, but is pumped directly from the donor into the recipient. This was an early method for blood transfusion and is rarely used in modern practice.[51] It was phased out during World War II because of problems with logistics, and doctors returning from treating wounded soldiers set up banks for stored blood when they returned to civilian life.

Demand for blood

The American Red Cross states that in the United States, someone needs blood every two seconds, and someone needs platelets every thirty seconds.[95] There is not a consistent demand for each blood type. One type of blood being in stock does not guarantee that another type is. Blood banks may have some units in stock but lack others, ultimately causing the patients that need units for specific blood types to have delayed or canceled procedures. Additionally, every year there is an increase of around 5-7% for transfusions without an increase of donors to balance it as well as a growing population of elderly people that will need more transfusions in the future without a predicted increase in donations to reflect those growing numbers. This was supported in 1998 where blood donations to the Red Cross increased to 8%, totaling 500,000 units but hospitals' need for donations increased by 11%.

Preparation

Bangladesh Donation of 470 ml and today 4 minutes 47 seconds. I always consider below 5 minutes a good time and have completed 25 donations without problem. Make sure you have drunk plenty and eaten well and I find being nice and warm helps quicken the donation.I disagree, and believe the caloric debt should be corrected and restored. First for the correction: if the pint of blood is equivalenced to a literal pound of flesh, that is worth at least 1000 Kcalories based on the equivalent amount of grilled marbled steak. But even that is an underestimate. The most efficient feed-lot animals (chicken or farmed fish) convert feed into flesh with less than 3o% caloric efficiency (just imagine the elaborate biochemistry involved in breaking down foodstuffs and resynthesizing more of yourself.) Thus the caloric debt is plausibly in excess of 3500 Kcal, the very amount which must be lost to shed a pound of weight. Sure the Red Cross gives you a donut or two, but few people treat themselves to the equivalent of a glutton's feast after a blood donation. The relevance of all this in my opinion is that donation at the maximum rate of 6X per year can easily offset the couple of pound upward drift that is common in middle age and beyond. To be sure, so could leaches!I'm new to contributing to Wikipedia and won't try to reinsert the line I wrote about calories burned from donating blood without support from others. However, I searched blood donating on Wikipedia specifically for this information and I do think it is a helpful fact to know. While it is true that blood donated must be replenished by eating more, those whose bodies are less sensitive to blood donation may be able to consume additional nutrients more slowly than others, thereby achieving some minor weight loss advantage. More importantly, people on strict diets who count calories and still want to donate blood would find such information useful to know how much they should supplement their diets to compensate for nutrients lost during donation. Am I the only one with this opinion? JBellis, I'd appreciate your response.

I have donated blood almost every two months in the United States for the past several years, first with the Red Cross and more recently with the NY Blood Center. They definitely do encourage you to eat before donating; the last time I donated they specifically asked about it during the screening. I have never been told to avoid fatty foods and definitely not to avoid caffeine; strange that you mention that, because I have become a coffee addict and definitely had a good bit of caffeine in my system the last time I donated. In fact in all the literature I have read I have not even found any proscriptions against drinking alcohol beforehand either, obviously they are not going to let someone stumble in drunk and donate, but it seems that even if someone had a drink or two beforehand that is acceptable, given the fact that they ask fifty different questions, including if you have taken aspirin in the past two days, they certainly aren't neglecting to ask about fatty foods, caffeine, or alcohol.

In response to the "{{unreferenced|date=August 2006}}" tag on this section, I took the liberty of rewriting this section. I moved the "check with your local blood bank" sentence to the top of the paragraph to emphasize its importance. I rewrote the description of the requirements a bit, relying specifically on the web sites for several countries' blood banks. If other countries have substantially different requirements from the sources I used, please make the appropriate edits (like you need me to tell you that). I left the "some countries require a fast" sentence in place, even though none of the countries I cited to impose that requirement; I added the "{{citeneeded}}" tag to that sentence. I see that there's a possible cite earlier in this discussion, but I didn't want to add that cite myself since I can't verify the translation.

Complications

I've been trying to find more information about complications and so far the internet has not turned up anything other then bruising. No time duration for bruising or other symptoms are discussed. I also have a hard time believing 1% of people get bruises as for me personally it's more like 25% of the time. Regardless a week ago I gave blood and the last few nights I've been waking up with my arm really hurting. The bruise is also showing a bit of a direction towards my wrist. A slightly injured shoulder above the arm is really starting to hurt in concert with the arm during the night... Could laying down cause an increase in the pain compared to standing? Should I seek medical attention? Has there been anyone else have these kind of symptoms? It would be nice to have more information or a link to more in-depth complication studies.

Comment by WhatamIdoing

Snowman, while I appreciate your expertise on this issue, I'm a little concerned about some of your comments. For example, you quote "blood type is often determined by the agency that collects the blood" and ask "which agency". The answer to your question is contained in the quoted material: "by the agency that collects the blood." Can you explain how to interpret this in a way that does not communicate that the agency that collects the blood is the agency that often determines the blood type? (I can't.)

But is does not say describe what sort of an agency it is, and I think that the language is not clear. Blood groups are usually done in blood banks or a laboratory, and an organization that collects blood may be a blood transfusion service (in the UK). Of course, a blood bank could be part of a blood transfusion service. I think that the line could be clearer, and I was aiming for more clarity in the article. To me, the line that you quoted as an example is obviously vague and inadequate, and I feel that it was entirely appropriate to say that it had a problem.

I don't think that a list of the kinds of agencies that might do this testing actually makes this sentence any clearer. It might make the article more complete, and it would certainly make it more verbose, but there is no confusion here. The reader is not left wondering whether the testing is often (but not always) done by the agency that collected the blood, or by some other unnamed agency. The reader already knows: it is normally done by the agency that collected the blood. The absence of concrete detail may not fully enlighten the reader, but it does not confuse him, either.

Importantly, the general statement is applicable globally, in "ideal" situations as well as in shockingly inadequate ones. Our statement holds true whether the agency is the national Red Cross, the U.S. Marines, the blood services department of a major hospital, or volunteers who self-organize after a major disaster. The general rule, as stated, holds true in all these situations. A sentence that says "blood typing is often done by blood banks" (for example) would not be true round the globe, and is certainly not going to be true in some emergencies. I would be sorry to see this article remove accurate general statements in favor of specfic details that primarily refer to non-disaster situations in wealthy countries. I am not even saying that the line should be modified. Of course, the line is correct as a generalisation. I have not suggested that the line should be changed to "blood typing is often done by blood banks". I think that the line as it stands is unclear, and there are several ways to improve it or the section. The line may be modified or supporting information may be added. I think that I am entirely correct in pointing this out, since the article does not say much about what agencies are involved

Additionally, I think that some of your comments tend to increase the scope of the article inappropriately. Just to name one example, storage issues are probably best handled in another article, because they don't really affect the donation at all.

I made it clear in the discussion for the GA attempt that some of the modifications could be to remove detail. I was mealy pointing out a problem with the page and not how to fix it. Perhaps, in some areas detail could have been removed. I think that "Blood donation" can not be understood fully without a brief mention of storage and the storage life of blood. An article should be complete without missing out any major aspects of the topic - that is a requirement of a BD.

I think that you comments are better late than never. I made it clear that I am not an expert in the topic. kindly closed the page and was in agreement that the page had problems.

Background

Blood transfusion is an essential component of the health care system of every country and patients who require blood transfusion service as part of the clinical management of their condition have the right to expect that sufficient and safe blood will be available to meet their needs. However, this is not always the case, especially in developing countries. To recruit and retain adequate regular voluntary non-remunerated blood donors the motivators and barriers of donors must be understood. Equally important to this goal is the knowledge of blood donors.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted at the donor clinic of Tamale Teaching Hospital in the Northern Region of Ghana from 06 January to 02 February 2018. Purposive sampling technique was used to sample 355 eligible first-time and repeat whole blood donors. Data were collected face-to-face with a 27-item self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square test was used to determine the association between donor status and the motivators of blood donation, barriers to blood donation and the socio-demographic characteristics of donors.

Results

Out of the 350 donors, 192(54.9%) were first-time blood donors while 158 (45.1%) were repeat donors. Nearly all the donors, 316(90.3%), indicated they were motivated to donate when someone they know is in need of blood. Over four-fifths of the donors endorsed good attitude of staff (n = 291, 83.4%) and the desire to help other people in need of blood (n = 298, 85.1%) as motivators. Approximately two-thirds, 223(63.7%), of the donors endorsed poor attitude of staff as a deterrent to blood donation. More than half of the donors considered the level of privacy provided during pre-donation screening (n = 191, 54.6%) and the concern that donated blood may be sold 178(50.9%) as deterrents. Only a little over one-third of the donors knew the minimum age for blood donation (n = 126, 36.0%) and the maximum number of donations per year (n = 132, 37.7%).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that public education on blood donation, regular prompts of donors to donate when there is a shortage, and friendly attitude of staff have the potential to motivate donors and eliminate barriers to blood donation.

Abstract

Maintaining an adequate level of safe blood ensures saving human lives. Young people are a great resource for recruiting blood donors and this paper presents the identified incentives and disincentives for blood donation in a survey targeting high school students. Among the factors that could motivate the studied group are universal values such as altruism, humanism, friendship. Raising their own self-esteem is also a good incentive for donation. As disincentives stand anxiety and uneasiness - on one hand caused by various fears related to their own safety and on the other hand related to lack of knowledge regarding the blood donation procedure and distrust of medical professionals. Knowing the factors that influence the intention for donating blood is important for recruiting and retention young people as regular voluntary blood donors.

Survey instrument

The donor questionnaire included questions on donor motivation, donor recruitment, satisfaction with the last donation, experiences with additional safety measures, donation history and socio-demographic characteristics. To assess the motivation of the donors, the participants were asked to rate nine possible motives as “applicable” or “not applicable.” The motives included the importance of potential health benefits from donating blood, altruistic motives, motivation by the pandemic and the importance of invitations from others. These motives had already been used in a previous survey among German donors.

Further questions were asked about satisfaction with the measures to avoid infection during blood donation. In detail, donors were asked to indicate whether sufficient distance was kept during blood donation, whether they felt safe, whether they thought the temperature measurement was appropriate, and whether they were adequately informed about the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic (see Table 2). A 5-point Likert scale was offered ranging from “totally disagree (1)” that indicates a very low satisfaction to “totally agree (5)” that indicates a very high satisfaction. For the bivariate analysis, the ratings were categorised into “disagree/neutral” (1–3) “agree” (4), and “totally agree” (5). In addition, donors were asked how satisfied they were overall with the last donation experience. Again, the answers were measured by a scale ranging from “very dissatisfied (1)” to “very satisfied (5).” For the bivariate analysis, the ratings were categorised into “low/medium satisfaction” (1–3) “high satisfaction and “very high satisfaction. To measure intention to return for further donations, the participating donors were asked how likely it is that they continue to give blood at the German Red Cross Blood Service. Responses were captured using a 5-point Likert scale from “very unlikely” to “very likely.”

Statistical analysis

First, we calculated the proportion of donors who felt motivated by nine different motives and compared the proportion between younger donors (18–29 years), middle-aged donors (30–54 years) and older donors (55+ years). Second, we analysed whether donor characteristics (sex, age, education, previous donation and donor deferral) were correlated with donor satisfaction with different aspects of the last donation during the pandemic. Multiple chi-square tests were performed to test for bivariate associations, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Third, multiple ordinal logistic regression modelling was used to study the association between satisfaction with different aspects of the last donation during the pandemic and the intention to return for further donations. The dependent variable was the intention to return that was measured on an ordinal scale from “very unlikely” to “very likely,” whereas very unlikely was the reference category. We calculated odds ratios that a respondent reported a high intention to return for further donations. Separate regression models were estimated for inexperienced, experienced and very experienced donors. All models were adjusted for sex, age, education and donor deferral.

DISCUSSION

To describe motives, donation experiences and the intention to return of blood donors who donated at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a retrospective survey among German whole blood donors. Results show that more than half of the participating donors wanted to contribute to the fight against the pandemic by donating blood. Most of the donors were satisfied with their last donation experience and felt safe during the blood donor appointment. However, some donors would have liked more information on how to deal with the pandemic. Intention to return for further donations was strongly associated with overall satisfaction with the last donation experience and the feeling of being safe during blood donation.

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