The reason for the preface is that it shows how deep you may need to go back to support system fonts. Additionally, it helps show that with new system versions, come new fonts, and thus the possibility of needing to update your font stack.

The obvious limitation here is that you have to call that long list of fonts each time you want to apply it to an individual element. Over time, that could become cumbersome and make your code more bloated than it ought to be. Instead, you might consider making a CSS variable for it:


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For example, Windows comes with Times New Roman and Courier New. OS X comes with Apple Garamond and Monaco. Prior to version 4.0, Android came with Droid Serif and Droid Mono in addition to the Droid Sans UI font.

Image Generator is a service that allows you to fully customize your texts andvisualize them in various formats. This user-friendly tool enables you to adjustfont style, font size, background color, font color, and your text content.

Image Generator enables you to customize the background and font colors to makeyourtexts visually appealing. You can choose your preferred colors or utilize colorpalettes to achieve specific color harmonies. This allows you to adjust yourtextsto reflect the identity of your projects or brand.

PREAMBLEThe goals of the Open Font License (OFL) are to stimulate worldwidedevelopment of collaborative font projects, to support the font creationefforts of academic and linguistic communities, and to provide a free andopen framework in which fonts may be shared and improved in partnershipwith others.

The OFL allows the licensed fonts to be used, studied, modified andredistributed freely as long as they are not sold by themselves. Thefonts, including any derivative works, can be bundled, embedded,redistributed and/or sold with any software provided that any reservednames are not used by derivative works. The fonts and derivatives,however, cannot be released under any other type of license. Therequirement for fonts to remain under this license does not applyto any document created using the fonts or their derivatives.

3) No Modified Version of the Font Software may use the Reserved FontName(s) unless explicit written permission is granted by the correspondingCopyright Holder. This restriction only applies to the primary font name aspresented to the users.

5) The Font Software, modified or unmodified, in part or in whole,must be distributed entirely under this license, and must not bedistributed under any other license. The requirement for fonts toremain under this license does not apply to any document createdusing the Font Software.

Then, during style resolution, FontBuilder::CreateFont is called to update the Font object based on the properties stored in FontDescription and thus link those two objects together. The key to linking them together is CSSFontSelector. Font is assigned a CSSFontSelector, which serves as a looking glass to know about which fonts are available in the document's scope. This includes fonts from the realm of web fonts as well as system fonts.

The Font object does not yet represent a particular typeface. Similarly, FontDescription does not point to an individual typeface yet. This is because FontDescription contains a FontFamily list of family names originating from the CSS font-family property.

Font objects represent the API for style and layout operations to retrieve geometric information about a font used in the DOM: retrieve metrics such as line height, x-height etc. and measure text to retrieve its bounding box. The paint stage uses Font objects to draw text.

As soon as a Font object is requested to perform any operation, it needs to find an individual typeface to work with. The information stored in its FontDescription member needs to be resolved against available web fonts or system fonts. This process is called font matching. The detailed algorithm for this process is described in the CSS Fonts Module, section Matching Font Styles.

For this purpose, a Font object has an Update(CSSFontSelector*) method to inform it about an updated set of available fonts. Font internally delegates the resolution of CSS family names from the font-family against available fonts to its FontFallbackList member, and thus hands the CSSFontSelector down to FontFallbackList.

FontFallbackList calls CSSFontSelector::GetFontData with a FontDescription to perform a lookup. CSSFontSelector will in turn ask FontFaceCache to find a FontData object among the available web fonts. If there is already a match for FontDescription in the cache, this FontData object is returned. If not, the FontSelectionAlgorithm::IsBetterMatchForRequest comparison function is used to find the best match among the available web fonts. This comparison function implements the CSS font matching algorithm.

If CSSFontSelector can't find a font using this approach, it will try to find a font from the system. To this end, it will query FontCache. FontCache is for system fonts what FontFaceCache is for web fonts. FontCache has OS/system specific implementations in font_cache_skia.cc, font_cache_mac.mm, font_cache_linux.cc, font_cache_android.cc in order to perform system font lookups using the respective OS/system API.

Shaping text is the process of mapping a unicode string to a sequence of glyph IDs from a font plus their exact geometrical positions through performing OpenType layout operations defined in the font. For Latin script, the output is mostly glyph IDs and horizontal advances, but for complex scripts, the output also describes positioning in the vertical direction, reordered glyphs, and association into grapheme clusters.

As the excursion on text shaping explains, multiple variables go into the shaping equation, such as a fixed font, a fixed font size, script, et cetera. This in turn means that the word cache becomes invalid if the set of available font changes changes because FontFallbackList would change in what it returns when available fonts change. We cannot reduce the cache key computation for the word cache to the string/word itself plus the requested font as represented by FontDescription, but we also need to capture the set of available fonts at the time shaping for this word and its FontDescription was performed. This state is captured by computing a composite key off of the FontFallbackList in FontFallbackList::CompositeKey.

Shaping text runs is split into several stages: Run segmentation, shaping the initial segment starting with the primary font, identifying shaped and non-shaped sequences of the shaping result, and processing unshaped sub-runs by trying to shape using the remaining list of fonts, then trying fallback fonts until the last resort font is reached.

If small/petite caps formatting is requested, an additional lowercase/uppercase segmentation pass is required. In this stage, OpenType features in the font are matched against the requested formatting. If the respective caps feature is found, the feature is used in shaping and activated from the font. Otherwise small-caps glyphs are synthesized as required by the CSS Level 3 Fonts Module.

Let's assume the CSS for this text run is as follows: font-family: "Heiti SC", Tinos, sans-serif; where Tinos is a web font, defined as a composite font (i.e. two separate CSS @font-face instances with different unicode-range subsetting ranges), one for Latin U+00-U+FF and one unrestricted unicode-range.

FontFallbackIterator provides these fonts to the shaper. It will start with Heiti SC, then the first part of Tinos for the restricted unicode-range, then the unrestricted full unicode-range part of Tinos, then a system sans-serif.

Now in the extractShapeResults() step we notice that there is more work to do, since Heiti SC does not have a glyph for the Combining Macron combined with an a. So, cluster 3 consisting of the characters a plus  (Combining Macron) is placed in the HolesQueue for clusters that need to be processed after switching to the next fallback font.

After shaping the first segment as whole, the font is cycled to the next font coming from FontFallbackIterator and the remaining items in the HolesQueue are processed, picking them from the head of the queue.

In this case, the next font is Tinos (for the range U+00-U+FF). Shaping using this font, assuming it is subsetted, fails again since there is no combining mark available in the unicode range U+00-U+FF. This triggers requesting yet another font. This time, the Tinos font for the full range. With this, shaping succeeds with the following HarfBuzz result:

The section Text Shaping illustrates that font selection during shaping is part of an iterative process, which first tries to use as many glyphs as possible from the primary font, then in subsequent iterations proceeds to fill gaps from the secondary font and so on until there are no more so called .notdef glyphs, i.e. no more boxes of text for which no glyph was found.

FontFallbackIterator meets the needs of HarfBuzzShaper to deliver new fonts to fill such gaps. FontFallbackIterator is an iterator style API, which on calling next() will deliver the first suitable font to try. A FontFallbackList is the internal representation of fonts resolved from the CSS font-family: property. FontFallbackList attempts to resolve font family names from the CSS font-family: property in descending order. It tries to find them among the list of available web fonts which were declared by @font-face rules or added to the document using the FontFace JavaScript API. If a requested font family is not found among web fonts, system fonts are searched next. This behavior matches the requirements of the font style matching algorithm of the CSS Fonts specification, which mandates to prioritize web fonts over system fonts. Some additional details can be found in LocaleInFonts.md.

FontFallbackIterator is intialized with a FontFallbackList and starts retrieving fonts from this list as its first source for fonts. If during shaping a run of text HarfBuzzShaper keeps requesting additional fonts after FontFallbackList is exhausted, this means that HarfBuzzShaper still tries to fill gaps in the run. In other words, the fonts specified in font-family did not have sufficient glyph coverage to draw the whole run of text on the screen. In this situation, system font fallback is invoked, which means attempting to find a surrogate font which contains those glyphs that were missing so far. To this end FontFallbackIterator calls FontCache::FallbackFontForCharacter() in order to retrieve a font that has a glyph for the requested Unicode character. This means, beyond what is listed in font-family there are additional system fonts pulled in to the shaping process. e24fc04721

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