Distress call playbacks are used as deterrents to keep birds out of areas where they are causing problems. However, the calls often are ineffective, owing to birds' rapid habitation to them. Recent studies on the functional significance of distress calls indicate that adult passerines only distress call when physically constrained and that the calls are designed to startle the predator holding the caller into releasing it. Further, distress calls attract other birds, which approach the caller to acquire information about the predator. These findings suggest that distress calls would be more effective if their broadcast is paired with a predator model that appears to be grasping the caller. Such a pairing should reinforce a bird's fear of the predator model and delay its habituation to the distress call.

The concept of the Vertebrate Pest Conference \noriginated in early 1960 from discussions among representatives of the \nUniversity of California; the California Dept. of Fish & Game; the \nCalifornia Dept. of Agriculture; the California Dept. of Public Health; \nand the Branch of Predator and Rodent Control, Bureau of Sport Fisheries\n and Wildlife, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. The original \nparticipants recognized that few published documents on vertebrate pest \ncontrol were available, as such information was typically contained \nwithin in-house reports of the various agencies that were largely \nunavailable and unable to be cited. Dr. Walter E. \"Howdy\" Howard of UC \nrealized that having a conference would permit a Proceedings to be published, in which this information could be made widely available.


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This past weekend several other callers and I shared some of your answers to hard-won battles in the coyote fields. Although not in covert secrecy, we all agreed that when the going got tough, call in ravens and crows as backups.

Bird sounds build confidence. Coyotes see these scavengers as not only added competition to a sinewy snack, but also as aerial lookouts. They likely look to them as the drones above looking for danger. Have you ever walked over a hill to surprise a flock of scavenger birds on a kill? They explode and the squawking sends an alarm across the landscape that coyotes listen to with high value.

Coyotes look to scavenger birds for guidance with volume control. Auditory sounds from excited scavengers provide dinner-bell clues that can reverberate across the landscape on a calm morning. The caws of crows, the croaks of ravens, the chatter of magpies and the screams of jays all have an added urgency during a feeding frenzy. Normal chatter amongst these birds can draw in a coyote, but when you add in the gathering frenzy of a flock it can be a game changer.

Previous works have demonstrated that the information supported by a bird distress call is encoded both by the energy distribution among harmonics and the temporal evolution of the frequency modulation. In the present study, using these parameters, we compared long-range information transfer in a dense vegetation environment between the starling Sturnus vulgaris and the blackbird. Turdus merula distress calls. It appears that excess attenuation of high frequencies (higher than 4 kHz) after a long-range propagation is responsible for modifications in distress call spectra. The energy of propagated signals tends to be concentrated in a 1.5-4-kHz bandwidth whatever the initial spectrum. Owing to its broad spectrum (0.8-7 kHz), the starling distress call is greatly modified. On the contrary, owing to a narrower spectrum (2-5.5 kHz), the blackbird distress call is relatively preserved. The blackbird distress call appears to be well-adapted to long-range transmission in an environment with dense vegetation. In contrast, the starling distress call is far more easily degraded by propagation. Nevertheless, frequency modulation of the starling call is preserved and message decoding remains possible even if message reliability may diminish. This result is examined from an etho-ecological point of view, taking into account both habitat and social structure of both birds.

Spectrogram displaying the first calls from (a) Wala, (b) Sita and (c) Hermes extracted from the distress call sequences used in the experiment. Each playback stimulus consisted of 10 different calls from the same bird, which were repeated 3 or 4 times to obtain 30 seconds of playback for each emitter.

The subject was caught and placed into a transport cage (41 cm x 24 cm x 29.5 cm). The cage was then moved in the experimental room and was positioned in a sound-proof chamber (69 cm x 49.5 cm x 49.5 cm). The opening of the sound-proof chamber consisted of a two-way casement window (Fig 3). On the right end, the sound-proof chamber was put near a wall. The experimenter left the room after closing the window of the sound-proof chamber and starting the broadcast of the stimulus. Consequently, birds were left alone during the entire experiment and could not see anything outside of the sound-proof chamber. The surroundings of the cage consisted of a microphone, the loudspeaker and the webcam, hung on the ceiling of the sound-proof chamber.

Crest 1 position is characteristic of a stressed or attentive bird, with clearly separated feathers. The second position is intermediate and is characteristic of a middle stressed or attentive bird. The Crest 3 position is observed in entirely relaxed birds e.g. while resting.

We are very grateful to Guillaume Huet des Aunay for his help with acoustic analysis and the use of Avisoft and SAP softwares. We also would like to thank Nicole Geberzahn, Laurent Nagle and Matthieu Amy for their advices on acoustic parameters measures and the creation of playback stimuli. We thank Elodie Briefer for her helpful comments on the experimental design and Dsire Brucks for her precious proof-reading which improved significantly the quality of this paper. We also thank Lucille Le Maguer, Nathalie Cogi for manipulating the birds during the distress calls recording sessions and Diana Quent for data collection. We thank Mathilde Le Covec for additional video coding sessions, Emmanuelle Martin and Aurore Pichon for taking care of the birds. We also would like to address a special thank to Philippe Grou who helped us to install the sound-proof chambers and set-up the experimental room.

Sound bird deterrents use distress and predator calls, along with other sounds to scare birds, to humanely deter a wide variety of winged pests. These bird control devices have been scientifically designed to deter birds from large open spaces like backyards, rooftops and spacious gardens.

Sound bird deterrents work best as a preventative measure or when the bird problem is relatively new. The longer the problem persists makes it increasingly more difficult to repel pest birds with sound alone. Making it important to incorporate other sensory based deterrents when necessary.

Versatile and easy to use, the Bird Chase Super Sonic can be set to scare off a specific bird or placed on a "general" setting to scare all birds. The bird distress and predator calls are repeated every 10 minutes, and the device can be programmed to turn on or off at night.

The Solar Bird Chase Super Sonic has all the features of the Bird Chase Super Sonic plus solar sustainability. This not only adds easy portability but makes these bird control devices more energy efficient during daylight hours.

Do Birds hear Ultrasonic Sounds? Although birds are knownto hear ultrasonic sounds to limits of approximately 20 kHz, the key take awayis that these ultrasonic sounds do not affect or deter them in any way.

The best sound bird deterrents will have the flexibility to broadcast distress and predator calls for as many as 24 different types of birds. These systems allow users to target a specific bird or all birds. Such systems can even be programmed to turn on and off automatically. They will also allow additional speakers to be added to extend the effective deterrent range from one acre to five acres.

Remember, for electronic bird deterrents to be effective they need to play recorded bird distress calls. This means the sound device will have to be able broadcast recorded bird calls loud enough to cover large areas. The following two electronic bird deterrents focus exactly on this.

Not sure what bird deterrents will work best for your bird problem? Ask an Expert at Bird B Gone for advice on what you can do to discourage the pest birds in your area. Bird B Gone has over 90 years of combined experience in the field of bird control.

A programmable electronic repeller that uses a variety of species specific distress signals and predator calls to send a "danger" alert to other birds in the area. All units have on-off and volume control, a "time-off" phase between sounds and a day-night 24 hour switch. Ideal for spot dispersal of flocking birds in small areas. Plugs into 110 volt power outlet. Available in two models.

A lightweight portable propane-fired cannon emits automatic thunderclaps that deter birds and other nuisance wildlife. The intervals between detonations can be adjusted from 2 minutes to 30 minutes. The Zon Gun operates on LP gas and uses a 'piezo' lighter for ignition, which is good for 100,000 sparks. Each 10kg bottle of propane produces 12-15,000 detonations. Model A is a standard ground mounted unit and Model B is a standard unit on a tripod with propane tank. Standard Model: Fully automatic, ground mounted, simple, practical, effective, rotates 360 degrees. (Propane tank not included.)

A year ago, I took a great field course on animal communication sponsored by a collaboration between German and US labs. The goal of this course was to create teams with both German and US graduate students. Each team focused on studying acoustic communication in a different taxa (bird, frogs, bats, and bats). There were two bat teams because all of the instructors and about half of the students studied bats. Each team was expected to do conduct a small research project that would lead to a peer-reviewed publication. I thought that was pretty ambitious. 17dc91bb1f

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