Newton's second law of motion, otherwise known as the law of force and acceleration, describes the relationship between force and acceleration as a function of mass. Force becomes greater or lesser if either the mass or acceleration increases or decreases; they are directly correlated.

Vectors are quantities that have two qualifications: direction and magnitude. While scalar quantities are measured by only one, (either direction or magnitude,) vectors have both.

Torque, represented by the Greek letter τ, is a vector quantity describing the force used to rotate something around an axis. It is the rotational counterpart to force, often called rotational force, and is found via the formula τ=rFsin⁡θ, where r is the distance between the axis of rotation and the force exerted, F is the force, and θ is the angle between the object and the force.