I did download windows 10 and used "Parallel" that makes it much easier than bootcamp ( I got lost in the language of the IOS image... could not figure out what it was) and yes now I can play the Big Fish games again, too bad the old ones I had are now unusable because apparently Catalina has some kind of block that does not download the game manager.I hope either Apple or big Fish will figure out the problem and fix it.
The problem is that Catalina can't handle it, but IMO, it's not Apple's fault. Big Fish was notified a long long time ago that this change was happening and did nothing handle it. After looking at Big Fish's support site, they offer almost nothing in regard to solving this solution -- they give only high level support.
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Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Southern California Coastal Watershed Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, USA; NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA, USA; and Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA
Environmental DNA (eDNA)-based ecological co-occurrence networks can provide a valuable tool for fisheries and conservation management. In the past, it was nearly impossible to explore the microscopic world of larval fishes in one sampling event. Now, eDNA data and ecological co-occurrence network modeling provide windows into ecosystems that support larval fishes and upon which subsequent fisheries rely. Thus, there is great potential for eDNA methods coupled with ecological network analyses to provide a holistic understanding of community composition and species interactions and to develop indicators for fisheries and ecosystem-based management.
Most marine fishes and invertebrates produce many larvae that reside in the pelagic ocean for weeks to months, depending on the species. Mortality is high for most fishes during the larval stage, often upward of 99%, but because most species are highly fecund, small changes in larval survival can significantly alter survival to adult stages (i.e., recruitment; Houde, 1987). For this reason, elucidating the mechanisms that affect larval survival is an integral component of fisheries management. Despite over a century of recruitment research, accurately estimating the parameters that control larval survival has been difficult, and predicting conditions that facilitate recruitment remains a fundamental challenge in fisheries management (Hare, 2014).
In recent years, populations of the northern anchovy Engraulis mordax have undergone unprecedented recruitment variability. E. mordax is a major forage species in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE), serving as key prey for birds, marine mammals, and fishes, including commercially important fisheries species. Adult E. mordax abundance changed dramatically from 2014 to 2022 in the CCE. In 2014, adult anchovy abundance was among the lowest on record. Large recruitment classes, beginning in 2015, fueled a rapid rise in abundance, and by 2022 adult anchovy abundance approached a record high throughout the CCE. Surprisingly, this unparalleled population expansion occurred during the largest marine heatwave on record (Thompson et al., 2022), the opposite of the cool water conditions conventionally believed to favor anchovy (Chavez et al., 2003). Clearly, understanding the drivers of anchovy recruitment variability remains one of the greatest challenges in their assessment and management.
Environmental conditions hypothesized to influence larval fish have been extensively studied and used to predict fish stocks. Examples include temperature and large-scale climate modes such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (Chavez et al., 2003). Nonetheless, these basin-scale parameters have been insufficient to predict observed variability in recruitment, likely because biophysical mechanisms are the primary drivers of recruitment. Therefore, the species that the larvae interact with in vivo (e.g., predators, prey, commensals, parasites) are likely key to understanding recruitment success or failure (Robert et al., 2014). However, understanding the ecosystem at this level has been difficult because plankton are patchily distributed, microscopic, often poorly characterized, and require extensive expertise and time to sort and identify. In addition, because larval predators can be numerous, it is difficult to quantify ecological interactions, and studying them requires extensive and diverse sampling and quantification techniques.
Fortunately, modern genetic tools provide a robust, rapid, and cost-effective way to characterize marine ecosystems more holistically and to help assess the biological factors that drive larval fish growth and survival. DNA-based approaches applied to individual tissues, filtered water, or sample preservatives can augment traditional sampling methods (e.g., visual enumeration from samples or flow-through systems) to provide enhanced spatial, temporal, or taxonomic resolution, especially for microscopic species that may be important for larval fishes but that cannot be easily sampled with conventional methods (e.g., nets, submersibles) or identified by morphological examination (e.g., cryptic species). The resulting data can be examined using ecological co-occurrence network analysis, which can provide insight into potentially important species interactions for larval fish.
Previous work has characterized the set of physical conditions associated with the critical oceanic habitats for important fisheries as well as individual prey items, but the complex network of ecological associations that define the larval habitat are still largely unexplored (Thompson et al., 2022). Using E. mordax larvae as a case study (Figure 1), the goal of this paper is to examine how eDNA data can be coupled with traditionally sampled larval fish abundance data to develop ecological co-occurrence networks that provide insight into the microscopic world of larvae and work toward elucidating communities, species, and mechanisms that control larval dynamics.
We examine this subject within the Southern California Bight region, which is situated in the southern portion of the CCE, a productive upwelling system that supports important fisheries. In addition, the CCE is home to one of the longest running integrated marine ecosystem monitoring programs in the world, the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI), which has systematically sampled the physics, chemistry, and biology of the system since 1951.
We correlated the presence/absence (P/A) of ASVs from biomolecular 16S and 18S data with visually enumerated counts of larval fishes. P/A data (reads > 0) were used for the ASVs because it is challenging to interpret metabarcoding data quantitatively. P/A analyses can provide more accurate estimates of taxon correlations in the absence of robust abundance estimates or when abundance data are uncertain (Mainali et al., 2017), but they can introduce error in cases where there are spurious, low read assignments.
Several uncultured bacterial taxa showed co-occurrence with E. mordax larvae in this analysis (Figure 4b). The majority of 16S amplicons (72%) were assigned to the order Flavobacteriales with representatives from Flavobacteriaceae (marine group NS5, Formosa, and Pseudofulvibacter), Cryomorphaceae, and marine groups NS7 and NS9. Rhodobacteraceae, Saprospiraceae, and Oligoflexales were among the other taxonomic assignments. Many of the ASVs represented taxa that have been found in association with fish intestines/feces, gills, or skin (Senhal et al., 2021).
Overall, the taxa found here provide candidate indicators to help understand the complex ecosystem of interactions that make up larval anchovy habitat (Figure 5). Co-occurrence networks, from coupled molecular and abundance data, provide tools for identifying the key ecological characteristics of larval fish habitats more extensively, and could be used to identify species interactions that have the potential to influence larval dynamics and perhaps recruitment success. Integrating biomolecular data with traditional survey tools represents an important advancement in applying eDNA analysis for fisheries management by informing the essential mechanisms operating on larval fish and thus on the resulting fisheries.
Sehnal, L., E. Brammer-Robbins, A.M. Wormington, L. Blaha, J. Bisesi, I. Larkin, C.J. Martyniuk, M. Simonin, and O. Adamovsky. 2021. Microbiome composition and function in aquatic vertebrates: Small organisms making big impacts on aquatic animal health. Frontiers in Microbiology 12:567408,
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